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NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:

[Wed Dec 10 16:58:40 2003]
Dijagonale su prednaprezane
Diagonals sre prestressed

[Wed Dec 10 16:58:59 2003]
kladica
chump

[Wed Dec 10 16:59:02 2003]
lamelirano drvo
laminated wood

[Wed Dec 10 16:59:04 2003]
čelični profili
steel sections

[Wed Dec 10 16:59:04 2003]
monolitno drvo
monolithic wood

[Wed Dec 10 17:01:02 2003]
Nema smisla na silu trošiti dragocjeno drvo i novčana sredstva, u koliko se može uštedjeti na konstrukciji.
There is no sense in using up precious wood and financial resources, if we can economize the construction.

[Wed Dec 10 17:02:01 2003]
Naravno svako rješenje ima svoju genezu i svoju domenu primjene.
Of course, every solution has its genesis and its domain of use.

[Wed Dec 10 17:02:25 2003]
U nas bi trebalo revitalizirati industrijsku proizvodnju rešetki od drveta kao i HOWE rešetki od drveta s prednapetim vertikalama.
We should revitalize our industrial production of wooden trusses, as well as the HOWE trusses made from wood with prestressed verticals.

[Wed Dec 10 17:02:25 2003]
Treba koristiti lamelirano drvo zajedno s monolitnom građom
We should use laminated wood together with the monolithic structure

[Wed Dec 10 17:02:54 2003]
Nema smisla na silu trošiti dragocjeno drvo i novčana sredstva, u koliko se može uštedjeti na konstrukciji.
Does not make sense by force will wear out the precious wood and financial resources, in how was able save on the construction.

[Wed Dec 10 17:02:55 2003]
Naravno svako rješenje ima svoju genezu i svoju domenu primjene.
Of course the every solution has her genesis and her domain uses.

[Wed Dec 10 17:03:19 2003]
U nas bi trebalo revitalizirati industrijsku proizvodnju rešetki od drveta kao i HOWE rešetki od drveta s prednapetim vertikalama.
In us would need revitalize the industrial production to the wooden truss as well as HOWE truss from the wood with prestressed verticals.

[Wed Dec 10 17:03:25 2003]
LAGANE KONSTRUKCIJE
LIGHTWEIGHT CONSTRUCTIONS

[Mon Dec 15 11:12:24 2003]
Težnja da se sa što manje energije i materijala učini što više i što kvalitetnije nije starog datuma.
The ambition to accomplish more quality work with less energy and material is of recent date.

[Mon Dec 15 11:14:26 2003]
U povijesti graditeljstva, može se slobodno reći, vjekovima je prevladavao suprotan trend.
In the history building constructions, we can freely say, the opposite trend prevailed for centuries.

[Mon Dec 15 11:16:32 2003]
Nemilice se rasipao materijal i trošila energija sloganom kojem je ishodište u fortifikacijskom poimanju struktura:
The material and energy were relentlessly dispersed with the slogan which originated from fortifiable structure conception:

[Mon Dec 15 11:19:03 2003]
što teže i masivnije, to sigurnije i bolje.
heavier and more massive constructions are safer and better.

[Mon Dec 15 11:19:03 2003]
Posljedice tog trenda osjećamo i danas, na primjer u dizajnu jednonamjenskih sklonišnih prostora, teških velebnih konstrukcija, konstrukcijama impresivnih dimenzija, i u poimanju trajnosti i sigurnosti obitavališta
Results of this trend are felt even today, for example in the design of single-purpose shelters, heavy monumental constructions, constructions of impressive dimensions, and in the comprehension of durability and safety of dwellings

[Mon Dec 15 11:27:09 2003]
Suočeni s energetskom krizom, svjesnošću o ograničenosti resursa, sirovina i energije, a i s manjkom novčanih sredstava, postupno se suočavamo i s potrebom sinergetskog sagledavanja SVAKOG problema dizajna.
Confronted with the energy crisis, awareness of the limitations of resources, raw materials and energy, and with the lack of financial resources, gradually we are facing and the need of synergetic perception of EVERY designing problem.

[Mon Dec 15 11:29:58 2003]
Struke različite od graditeljske (graditeljskog zanata, umijeća i vještina građenja), mlađe od tisućugodišnjeg graditeljskog naslijeđa pa stoga i manje opterećene tim naslijeđima prošlosti, suočavaju se sa sinergijom i sinergetskim načinima rješavanja svojih problema struke od samog postojanja tih struka.
Professions which are different from the building profession (architectural trade, skill and construction), younger than a thousand-year-old building heritage and therefore less burdened with these past legacies, are facing the synergy and synergetic ways of solvings their professional problems from the very existence of these professions.

[Mon Dec 15 11:29:58 2003]
Tako je s automobilskom, zrakoplovnom, brodograđevnom industrijom, općenito industrijom prometala, pa i s industrijama montažnih dijelova i sustava, na primjer industrijama kontejnera, kamp-prikolica, a da ne govorimo o industrijama kao što su elektronska, svemirska, informatička i naravno, vojna industrija
The same problems exist in automobile industry, aircraft industry, shipbuilding industry, and in general the transportation industry, so also in the industries of assembly parts and systems, for example in container industries, camp-trailer industries, not to mention the electronic, space, computer and, of course, military industry

[Mon Dec 15 11:36:07 2003]
Današnji zrakoplovi, rakete i raketoplani imaju dimenzije ovećih zgrada, a brodovi-lineri veliki su poput osrednjeg gradskog urbanog bloka, a ujedno su i mnogo složeniji sustavi od onih s kojima se susrećemo u klasičnom građevinarstvu gradnje stambenih zgrada i urbanog tkiva.
Contemporary airplanes, rockets and rocket airplanes have dimensions of large buildings, and ships-liners are as large as are the average urban block, and at the same time they are much more complex systems than those we encounter in classic civil engineering of building residential buildings and urban texture.

[Mon Dec 15 11:36:55 2003]
U tim "novim" i vitalnim strukama primarna je primjena znanosti i istraživanje, jer se već poodavno spoznalo da se bez znanosti ne može zamisliti napredak u tim strukama.
In these " new " and vital professions primary concern is the use of science and research, because it was realized long ago that without science we cannot imagine the progress in these professions.

[Mon Dec 15 11:38:38 2003]
A napredak pokreće i nemilosrdna konkurencija.
And the progress is urged by pitiless competition.

[Mon Dec 15 11:42:49 2003]
Sinergija nipošto ne znači da s manje energije i materijala gradimo manje kvalitetno i manje lijepo.
Synergy by no means implies that with less energy and material we build with lesser quality and lesser attractiveness.

[Mon Dec 15 11:49:37 2003]
Naprotiv, osnova je sinergetskog pristupa da se sa što manje materijala i energije učine složeni sustavi koji su bolji, kvalitetniji, ljepši i efikasniji od postojećih proizvoda.
On the contrary, basis of synergetic access is to produce better, of higher quality, more attractive and more efficient complex systems with minimum material and energy.

[Mon Dec 15 11:53:45 2003]
Naravno da se i u tom trendu primjene sinergije počesto prokrijumčari i podosta ružnog i nekvalitetnog u dizajnu proizvoda, pa onda takve nakaradnosti mogu u neupućenih dezavuirati i cijeli trend.
Of course, in this trend of synergy there emerge some quite ugly and inferior constructions in product design, and such ugliness can deny the whole trend to those who are not informed.

[Mon Dec 15 11:57:49 2003]
Sinergija prepoznaje povijest progresivno sve većih i složenijih koncepcija, koje su eliminirale prethodno manje opsežna ponašanja lokalnih svemira.
Synergy recognizes the history of progressively increasing and more complex conceptions, which have eliminated previously less extensive behaviors of local universes.

[Mon Dec 15 11:58:10 2003]
Ona shvaća da elegantne koncepcije jednog perioda koje su pomogle širenju horizonta ljudskih shvaćanja dosežu granice informacijskih kapaciteta da bi progresivno bile odbačene kao zastarjele koncepcije i zamijenjene složenijim koncepcijama u težnji daljnjeg razvoja i želje za novim znanjima.
Synergy understands that elegant conceptions of one period, which helped to expand the horizon of human understandings, reach the borders of information capacities in order to be progressively thrown away as obsolete conceptions, and to be replaced by more complex conceptions in the aspiration of further development and desire for new knowledge.

[Mon Dec 15 11:59:09 2003]
To je u suštini beskonačni scenarij konceptualnih otkrića novih općih principa.
This is in essence the endless scenario of conceptual discoveries of new general principles.

[Mon Dec 15 11:59:09 2003]
Sinergija povećava prospekt ljudskog roda i omogućavajući mu da postane progresivno istraživački orijentiran
Synergy increases the prospect of mankind by enabling it to become progressively exploratory oriented

[Mon Dec 15 12:04:52 2003]
Također je danas sve prisutnija spoznaja o trajnosti i potrebnoj trajnosti i upotrebljivosti naših objekata, a općenito i svih proizvoda.
In addition, there is a great presence the idea of durability and requisite durability and usability of our objects, and all products in general.

[Mon Dec 15 12:05:55 2003]
Većina proizvoda ima određen vijek trajanja.
Most products have a determined life cycle.

[Mon Dec 15 12:06:18 2003]
Samo su rijetki trajni miljokazi razvoja čovječanstva i ljudske djelatnosti:
Rare are those permanent milestones of mankind development and human activities:

[Mon Dec 15 12:06:21 2003]
piramide, katedrale, brane i sl.
pyramids, cathedrals, dams, and similar

[Mon Dec 15 12:07:00 2003]
objekti.
pyramids, cathedrals, dams, and similar objects.

[Mon Dec 15 12:07:00 2003]
Utilitarni objekti jednog doba postaju umjetnička djela u budućnosti
Utilitarian objects of one period become artworks in the future

[Mon Dec 15 12:12:26 2003]
Većina objekata koji nisu više podesni razaraju se, po mogućnosti recikliraju u nove i bolje predmete.
Most objects whic became unappropriate are being destroyed, and if possible recycled as new and better objects.

[Mon Dec 15 12:12:48 2003]
Brodovi se grade da bi se nakon nekoliko desetaka godina razrezali u rezalištima ili pretvorili u ploveće muzeje, gdje kao eksponati podliježu posebnom režimu održavanja.
About ten years after the ships are built they are dissected in breaker's yards or turned into floating museums, where, as exhibits, they become subjected to special regime of maintenance.

[Mon Dec 15 12:12:48 2003]
Poneki se pretvaraju u hotele, kao privremeno rješenje
Some are turned into hotels, as a temporary solution

[Mon Dec 15 12:15:53 2003]
Zrakoplove gradimo, a nakon nekog vremena zamjenjujemo ih novim prometnim sredstvima - obično boljim i kvalitetnijim.
First we build airplanes, and after some time we replace them with new transportation means - usually better and of higher quality.

[Mon Dec 15 12:15:53 2003]
Neki primjerci završavaju u tehničkim muzejima, a poneki se koriste za snimanje filmova iz prošlih vremena
Some examples end up in technical museums, and some are used for in filming historical movies

[Mon Dec 15 12:19:27 2003]
Automobile proizvodimo da bismo ih nakon prilično kratkog vremena zamijenili novima, boljima, ekonomičnijima i sigurnijima.
We produce cars, and after considerably short time we replace them with new, better, more economical and safer models.

[Mon Dec 15 12:21:34 2003]
Neki se materijali i produkti mogu pritom reciklirati, a neki se, za sada, ne mogu reciklirati ili se to ne isplati
Some materials and products can be recycled, and some, for now, are still impossilble to recycle, or recycling is unprofitable

[Mon Dec 15 12:25:15 2003]
Svi objekti graditeljstva, u konačnoj liniji, ipak su samo proizvodi - možda specifični po potrebi, načinima korištenja, po trajnosti i načinima proizvodnje.
All building construction objects, are ultimately, only products - maybe with specific requirements, ways of use, durability and methods of production.

[Mon Dec 15 12:27:13 2003]
Ni stambene zgrade, tvorničke hale i slični objekti nisu trajne tvorevine, osim nekih koje su povijesnog značaja u razvoju čovječanstva.
Residential buildings, factory halls and similar objects are not permanent creations, except some which have historical importance in development of the humankind.

[Mon Dec 15 12:27:13 2003]
Većinu njih nakon nekog vremena treba srušiti da bi se sagradili novi (i bolji) objekti, koji više odgovaraju vremenu življenja, napretku standarda življenja, napretku tehnike, potrebama društva i sl
Most of them must be demolished after certain time in order to build new (and better) objects, which are more suitable to their time, advancement of living standards, progress of technology, society needs, etc

[Mon Dec 15 12:29:25 2003]
Slika 16.1.
Figure 16.1.

[Mon Dec 15 12:30:24 2003]
Mehanička razgradnja jedne zgrade.
Mechanical deconstruction of a building.

[Mon Dec 15 12:31:41 2003]
Na ovaj se način, ako propisi dopuštaju, mogu demolirati zgrade do visine 5 etaža.
In this way, if regulations permit, we can demolish buildings which are up to 5 level high.

[Mon Dec 15 12:32:34 2003]
Sve više ćemo se susretati s ovakvim deložacijama zastarjelih zgrada i objekata.
We will increasingly encounter with such removals of outdated buildings and objects.

[Mon Dec 15 12:32:34 2003]
Što je objekt lakši to je manje posla pri razgradnji objekata.
The lighter the object is, the easier it is to deconstruct it.

[Mon Dec 15 12:34:21 2003]
Slika 16.2.
Figure 16.2.

[Mon Dec 15 12:34:59 2003]
Neki mogući proizvodi od plastičnih masa.
Some attainable plastic mass products.

[Mon Dec 15 12:34:59 2003]
Prevladava 3D prostorni koncept složenica i ljusaka.
There prevails a 3D spatial concept made from composite structures and shells.

[Mon Dec 15 12:37:28 2003]
Slika 16.3.
Figure 16.3.

[Mon Dec 15 12:37:39 2003]
Ovješene membranske konstrukcije od trevire koje se po potrebi mogu skupiti ili raširiti nad prostorima stadiona i gledalištem.
Suspended membrane structures made from trevira, which, where necessary, can be assembled or extended above stadiums and audiences.

[Mon Dec 15 12:37:39 2003]
Pogonska mehanika je sastavni dio tih struktura
The operating mechanics is the component part of these structures

[Mon Dec 15 12:39:02 2003]
Slika 16.4.
Figure 16.4.

[Mon Dec 15 12:39:29 2003]
Radomi od plastičnih masa.
Plastic mass radomes.

[Mon Dec 15 12:40:40 2003]
Prikaz raznih mogućnosti podjele sfere:
Presentation of various possibilities of sphere division:

[Mon Dec 15 12:40:50 2003]
a) kriškasta ("orange-peel"), b) slična podjela ali s manjim elementima, pogodno za veće volumene, reške su posmaknute, c) ikosaedarska geometrija podjele, d) radom Goodyear Aircraft Corp.
a) sliced (" orange-peel "), b) similar division, but with smaller elements, suitable for larger volumes, slots are shifted, c) icosahedral geometry of division, d) Goodyear Acfts Corp. radome

[Mon Dec 15 12:40:50 2003]
: dodekaedarska geometrija.
the dodecahedral geometry.

[Mon Dec 15 12:41:52 2003]
Slika 16.5.
Figure 16.5.

[Mon Dec 15 12:41:59 2003]
Geodetska kupola od poliesterskih panela armiranih staklenim vlaknima.
Geodetic dome made from polyester panels reinforced with glassfibres.

[Mon Dec 15 12:42:43 2003]
Promjer 16.5 m.
Diameter is 16.5 m.

[Mon Dec 15 12:42:43 2003]
Dio montažnog plana 1/5 sfere 2/3 kupole
Part of compositional plan 1/5 sphere 2/3 dome

[Mon Dec 15 12:43:50 2003]
Slika 16.6.
Figure 16.6.

[Mon Dec 15 12:44:13 2003]
Geodetske mrežaste kupole.
Geodetic reticular domes.

[Mon Dec 15 12:44:15 2003]
Industrijski proizvodi.
Industrially manufactured elements.

[Mon Dec 15 12:44:21 2003]
Strukturalni kišobrani.
Structural umbrellas.

[Mon Dec 15 12:45:21 2003]
Nove konstrukcije zahtijevaju i nova rješenja:
New constructions demand new solutions:

[Mon Dec 15 12:45:47 2003]
ponekad je jednostavnije kupolu podizati i spuštati nad skladištem nego na njoj izgraditi klasične ulaze.
sometimes it is more simple to raise and lower a dome over the warehouse, than build classic entrances on it.

[Mon Dec 15 12:45:47 2003]
To su ultralagane konstrukcije, poklopci za pokrivanje prostora.
These are ultralight structures, caps for covering of space.

[Mon Dec 15 12:46:38 2003]
Slika 16.7.
Figure 16.7.

[Mon Dec 15 12:48:39 2003]
Drvena mrežasta kupola sagrađena u Kutini.
Wooden reticular dome built in Kutina.

[Mon Dec 15 12:48:43 2003]
Sličnu drvenu kupolu sagradili su studenti Međufakultetskog prometnog studija u okviru vježbi iz Nosivih struktura pred zgradom Građevinskog fakulteta u Zagrebu, 1975.
Similar wooden dome was built by students of Interfaculty of Traffic and Transportation Study in the framework of exercises from Bearing structures, in front of the Faculty of Civil Engineering building in Zagreb, 1975.

[Mon Dec 15 12:49:06 2003]
godine.
Similar wooden dome was built by students of Interfaculty of Traffic and Transportation Study in the framework of exercises from Bearing structures, in front of the Faculty of Civil Engineering building in Zagreb, 1975.

[Mon Dec 15 12:49:06 2003]
O tome je snimljen i kratki film.
There is also a short fim about it.

[Mon Dec 15 12:51:44 2003]
Slika 16.8.
Figure 16.8.

[Mon Dec 15 12:51:44 2003]
Građenje jedne velike radarske kupole (radoma) nad sustavom radarskih antena u Yorkshireu.
Building a large radar dome (radome) above the system of radar aerials in Yorkshire.

[Mon Dec 15 12:52:32 2003]
Slika 16.9.
Figure 16.9.

[Mon Dec 15 12:52:48 2003]
Paviljon SAD na izložbi u Montrealu 1967.
USA pavilion on the exhibition in Montreal, in 1967.

[Mon Dec 15 12:52:50 2003]
Projekt R.
Project of R.

[Mon Dec 15 12:52:51 2003]
B.
B.

[Mon Dec 15 12:53:04 2003]
Fullera.
Fuller.

[Mon Dec 15 13:03:38 2003]
Vrlo sofisticirano prostorno rješenje.
Very sophisticated spacial solution.

[Mon Dec 15 13:10:16 2003]
Mreža štapova kupole je dvoslojna, 80 frekventna.
Dome member mesh is two-ply, 80 frequent.

[Mon Dec 15 13:10:28 2003]
Posebnim sustavom elektronske senzorske regulacije polja su se zamračivala i osvjetljavala prema trenutnim položajima sunca.
By a special system of electronic sensory regulation the fields became darker and brighter according to current positions of the Sun.

[Mon Dec 15 13:10:28 2003]
Hala je u požaru uništena.
Hall was destroyed in the fire.

[Mon Dec 15 13:11:14 2003]
Slika 16.10.
Figure 16.10.

[Mon Dec 15 13:11:16 2003]
Montaža LIO kupola.
Assembly of LIO cupola.

[Mon Dec 15 13:11:40 2003]
Lijevo:
Left:

[Mon Dec 15 13:11:42 2003]
montaža kostura štapova.
assembly of members framework.

[Mon Dec 15 13:12:14 2003]
Desno:
Right:

[Mon Dec 15 13:12:14 2003]
Montaža membrane od 360 gramske trevire.
Assembly of a membrane made from 360 g trevira.

[Mon Dec 15 13:14:00 2003]
Slika 16.11.
Figure 16.11.

[Mon Dec 15 13:15:09 2003]
Mrežaste konstrukcije industrijski proizvedenog sustava LIO od aluminijskih cijevi i PVC plastificiranog tekstila od poliesterskih niti (LIOPLAST - TREVIRA).
Mesh structures of industrially manufactured LIO system made from aluminium pipes and PVC plasticized textile with polyester threads (LIOPLAST - TREVIRA).

[Mon Dec 15 13:15:56 2003]
Svod je montiran kao skladište raspona 15.0 metara, na prefabriciranim temeljnim gredama u pločama.
Vault is installed as a store with the range of 15.0 m, on prefabricated elementary beams in slabs.

[Mon Dec 15 13:21:04 2003]
Problem jeftinog pada do sada nije efikasno riješen.
Problem of a cheap fall has not yet been efficiently solved.

[Mon Dec 15 13:22:08 2003]
Konstrukcija je podignuta kao skladište robe u krugu tvornice LIO.
Construction was erected as a warehouse within a LIO factory circle.

[Mon Dec 15 13:22:10 2003]
Konstrukcija i sustav:
Construction and system:

[Mon Dec 15 13:22:12 2003]
Z.
Z.

[Mon Dec 15 13:22:14 2003]
Žagar i B.
Žagar and B.

[Mon Dec 15 13:22:38 2003]
Baljkas.
Baljkas.

[Mon Dec 15 13:22:38 2003]
U ovom agresivnom ratu protiv Hrvatske uništeno.
Destroyed during the aggressive war against Croatia.

[Mon Dec 15 13:24:30 2003]
Slika 16.12.
Figure 16.12.

[Mon Dec 15 13:24:32 2003]
Mrežasta konstrukcija tenis hale u Rovinju.
Mesh structure of a tennis hall in Rovinj.

[Mon Dec 15 13:24:34 2003]
Projektanti:
Planners:

[Mon Dec 15 13:24:35 2003]
M.
M.

[Mon Dec 15 13:24:35 2003]
Haiman i B.
Haiman and B.

[Mon Dec 15 13:25:42 2003]
Baljkas.
Baljkas.

[Mon Dec 15 13:25:45 2003]
Hala je sastavljena od drvenih kosnica spojenih posebnim metalnim vezicama.
Hall is composed of wooden lattices which are connected by special metal straps.

[Mon Dec 15 13:25:45 2003]
Pokrov od trevire.
Trevira cover.

[Mon Dec 15 13:27:42 2003]
Slika 16.13.
Figure 16.13.

[Mon Dec 15 13:27:57 2003]
Strukturalni sustav mrežastog svoda.
Structural system of a meshed vault.

[Mon Dec 15 13:28:36 2003]
Konstrukcija je sračunata s FEA programima M_STRUDL i COSMOS/M.
Construction is calculated with FEA programs M_STRUDL and COSMOS/M.

[Mon Dec 15 13:28:36 2003]
Stabilnost sustava kontrolirana je FEA programom COSMOS/M.
System stability is controlled by the FEA program COSMOS/M.

[Mon Dec 15 13:45:54 2003]
Na zapadu ruše cijele blokove zgrada, za naše poimanje još uvijek upotrebljivih, građenih prije dvadesetak godina.
In the Western world, entire blocks of buildings are being demolished, and those buildings, built more than twenty years ago, we still percieve as comprehension usable.

[Mon Dec 15 13:47:42 2003]
Objekti se ruše da bi se sagradili novi.
Objects are being torn down in order for new ones to be built.

[Mon Dec 15 14:02:26 2003]
U toku vijeka u kojem su eksploatirani, oni su se rentirali i amortizirali, a vjerojatno i donijeli dobru zaradu.
During the century of their exploitation, they were rented and amortized, and they probably made good profits.

[Mon Dec 15 14:03:52 2003]
Nedavno je (1998) održana u Berlinu međunarodna konferencija "Saving buildings in Central and Eastern Europe" o problemima rekonstrukcije cca 80 milijuna stambenih jedinica u bivšim zemljama socijalističkog lagera (uključujući istočno-europske zemlje, Rusiju i Ukrajinu).
In Berlin there was recently (1998) an international conference called "Saving buildings in Central and Eastern Europe" about the problems of reconstruction of approximately 80 million of housing units in former socialist countries (including east-European countries, Russia and Ukraine).

[Mon Dec 15 14:05:47 2003]
Ti objekti, uglavnom betonske panelne zgrade više ne zadovoljavaju suvremene potrebe i treba ih ili srušiti ili rekonstruirati.
Those objects, mostly concrete panel buildings, do not satisfy contemporary needs and need to be either demolished or reconstructed.

[Mon Dec 15 14:06:15 2003]
Rušenje tolikog broja je nemoguć zadatak - ostaje dakle - rekonstrukcija.
Demolition of such number is the impossible task - therefore, there is only reconstruction.

[Mon Dec 15 14:13:54 2003]
I prometnice, kao i prometne objekte, čeka ista sudbina.
Roads, as well as traffic objects, await for the same destiny.

[Mon Dec 15 14:21:29 2003]
To je zakon života i stalnog napretka ljudskog roda.
This is the law of life and constant progress of humankind.

[Mon Dec 15 14:44:37 2003]
Ponekad se pritom i ruši ono što se ne bi smjelo i trebalo rušiti, jer predstavlja povijesno naslijeđe.
Sometimes, in doing so, demolished are those buildings which shuld not be, because they present historical legacy.

[Mon Dec 15 14:44:37 2003]
Tome je uglavnom razlog manjkavo obrazovanje, manjak svijesti o povijesnom naslijeđu i identitetu naroda na tim prostorima, manjak procjene vrijednosti našeg graditeljskog naslijeđa i zasljepljenost pomodnim stilovima u svijetu i u nas, a ponekad i zasljepljenost vlastitog ega
This is mainly because of the insufficient education, lack of awareness of historical legacy and identity of nation that abides in those areas, insufficient evaluation of our building heritage and blindedness by fashionable styles around the world, and sometimes the blindness of our own ego

[Mon Dec 15 14:53:59 2003]
Želim se osvrnuti na mogućnost gradnje laganih i nepretencioznih konstrukcija od novih materijala, koje po trajnosti služe vremenu kojem su potrebne i koje nemaju pretenziju da budu miljokazi povijesti i razvoja konstrukcija, ali koje su trajne u svojoj privremenosti, jeftine za izvedbu, pogodne za montažu i demontažu, koje su prenosive i koje se mogu, ako je to potrebno, reciklirati u neki drugi proizvod ili pretvoriti (bar dio) u energiju
I would like to refer to the possibility of building lightweight and unpretentious constructions from new materials, which in terms of durability serve the time in which they are needed, and which do not have a pretension to be milestones of history and structural developments, but which are permanent in their temporariness, cheap in their execution, appropriate for assembling and dismantling, which are transportable and which can, if necessary, be recycled into some other product, or transformed (at least partially) into energy

[Mon Dec 15 14:58:26 2003]
Na žalost, većina izvođača odlučuje se za objekte od armiranog betona, eventualno od čelika ili, sasvim rijetko, od aluminija (na primjer paraljuske za pokrove hala, fasadne obloge i sl.)
Unfortunately, most contractors chose objects made from reinforced concrete, perhaps even from steel or, very rarely, from aluminum (for example, parashells for hall coverings, facade linings, etc.)

[Mon Dec 15 15:00:23 2003]
, rjeđe od drveta, koje je, kao lamelirano drvo, u modernim konstrukcijama jedan sasvim novi građevinski materijal.
), more rarely from wood, which, as the laminated wood, is in modern constructions a brand-new construction material.

[Mon Dec 15 15:04:49 2003]
Naime, sve su te konstrukcije prostorne 3D tvorevine koje gotovo da i nemaju ništa zajedničkog sa standardnim konstrukcijama, recimo onim koje su sastavljene od okvirnih sustava ili rešetki, iako i te konstrukcije kao elementi mogu biti sadržani u sklopovima novih prostornih struktura.
In other words, all these constructions are spatial 3D creations which barely have anything in common with standard constructions, say those which are composed from frame systems or trusses, although those constructions as elements can be comprised in systems of new spatial structures.

[Mon Dec 15 15:06:21 2003]
Još postoji jedna teškoća u dizajnu:
There is one more difficulty in design:

[Mon Dec 15 15:10:22 2003]
opiranje tih prostornih oblika da se pokažu u nacrtima, konvencionalnim načinima prikazivanja.
resistance of these spatial shapes to present themselves in drafts, in conventional ways of presentation.

[Mon Dec 15 15:13:24 2003]
Također se oblici tih prostornih struktura moraju skrojiti od elemenata platna ili folija koje imaju svoju standardnu širinu (u nas oko 150 do 160 cm, a u Njemačkoj do 250 i više centimetara).
Also, the shapes of these spatial structures must be tailored from from elements of canvas or foil, which have their standard width (here, it is about 150 to 160 cm, and in Germany 250 and more cm).

[Mon Dec 15 15:14:17 2003]
Krojenje membrane svodi se na intuiciju, znanje i iskustvo potpomognuto kompjutorskim generiranjem kroja i kompjutorski generiranim crtežima (CAD), te na generiranje mreže konačnih trokutastih elemenata.
Tailoring of membranes is reduced to intuition, knowledge and experience, supported by computer generation of pattern and computer generation of drawings (CAD), and to generation of final triangular elements mesh.

[Mon Dec 15 15:15:00 2003]
Neki od tih krojeva, crteža i mreža KE su prikazani na slikama.
Some of those patterns, drawing and KE meshes are presented on Figures.

[Mon Dec 15 15:15:02 2003]
Inženjeri se koriste i "FORMFINDING" programima za pronalaženje oblika takvih napetih membrana (prof.
Engineers also use " FORMFINDING " programs for discovering the shapes of such tight membranes (professor

[Mon Dec 15 15:15:03 2003]
J.
Engineers also use " FORMFINDING " programs for discovering the shapes of such tight membranes (professor J.

[Mon Dec 15 15:15:03 2003]
Dvornik)
Dvornik)

[Mon Dec 15 15:19:09 2003]
Time se sužuje i broj dizajnera koji su sposobni dizajnirati takve objekte koje treba prikazati klijentima - investitorima u obliku makete ili crteža, a sam crtež je gotovo nezamisliv bez CAD-a.
This narrows the number of designers who are able to design such objects which need to be presented to clients - investors in the form of mock-up or drawing, and the drawing itself is almost unimaginable without the CAD.

[Mon Dec 15 15:19:54 2003]
A to je još danas poprilično daleko od načina kojim se danas radi:
And this is still rather far from current method of work:

[Mon Dec 15 15:19:54 2003]
sve se (ili barem većina crteža) ručno iscrtava koristeći se uglavnom trokutima i T-ravnalom
everything (or at least majority of drawings) is manually drawn, using mostly triangles and T-rules

[Mon Dec 15 15:27:59 2003]
Osim toga, radi se tu i o sasvim novim materijalima, koji stoga do sada nisu ni mogli biti primjenjivani u praksi pa nema ni iskustva u radu s tim materijalima.
Besides, there are also brand-new materials, which could not thus far be utilized in practice, so there is no experience in workiong with these materials.

[Mon Dec 15 15:28:30 2003]
Novi materijali traže i nove metode spajanja, nove metode pričvršćivanja za druge nosive elemente, nove metode analiza (nelinearne analize), nove provjere stabilnosti i dokaza nosivosti, kao i spoznaje o materijalu i reologiji materijala (reološkim modelima, puzanju povezanom s razinom napona u materijalu, promjenama fizičko kemijske strukture, hidrolizi, utjecaju UV zračenja, brzini kemijskih promjena i sl.)
New materials ask for new methods of connecting, new methods of attaching to other bearing elements, new methods of analyses (nonlinear analyses), new stability testings and bearing capacity proofs, as well as notions about the material and its rheology (rheological models, creeping connected to the level of stress in the material, changes of physical chemical structure, hydrolysis, influence of the UV radiation, speed of chemical changes, etc.)

[Mon Dec 15 15:28:56 2003]
. Traže se i pokusi "in situ" i u laboratorijima.
There is also a demand for " in situ " experiments in laboratories.

[Mon Dec 15 15:28:56 2003]
A sve to ograničava i otežava ili bar usporava primjenu novih konstruktivnih rješenja
And all this limits and aggravates, or at least slows down, the use of new constructive solutions

[Mon Dec 15 15:33:05 2003]
S druge strane, za takve privremene objekte (kišobrane, pidžama-konstrukcije i sl.)
On the other hand, such temporary objects (umbrellas, pajamas-constructions, etc.)

[Mon Dec 15 15:33:05 2003]
traže se isto svi dokumenti za izdavanje građevinskih dozvola kao i za jednu hidroelektranu
) must have as much documents for issuing building permits, as would be required for a hydroelectric power station

[Mon Dec 15 15:44:25 2003]
Neke od tih konstrukcija, na primjer pneumatske konstrukcije (konstrukcije stabilizirane zrakom, baloni, konstrukcije oslonjene na zrak ili ispunjene zrakom), zahtijevaju i poznavanje kompresorskih mehanizama, termodinamike, elektromehanike pa i elektronike.
Some of these constructions, for example pneumatic structures (constructions stabilized by air, balloons, constructions supported by air, or filled with air), demand knowledge of compression mechanisms, thermodynamics, electromechanics, and electronics.

[Mon Dec 15 15:49:04 2003]
Zasade tisućgodišnje tradicije gradnje KOMPRESIVNIM materijalima su tvrdokorne, gotovo genetske inhibicije, i ne možemo ih brzo i efikasno napustiti.
Principles of thousand-year-old building tradition by using COMPRESSION materials have the obstinate, almost genetic inhibition, and we cannot abandon them quickly and efficiently.

[Mon Dec 15 16:12:22 2003]
On raspolaže sredstvima kojima svoje zamisli može u praksi ostvariti.
He has the means which can realize his ideas in practice.

[Mon Dec 15 16:18:38 2003]
Njega je teško, gotovo nemoguće nagovoriti da dijelom sredstava koje ima na raspolaganju ostvari odgovarajuću racionalnu konstrukciju od sasvim novog i dosad u nas malo viđenog materijala ili u nas rijetko viđenu konstrukciju.
It is difficult, almost impossible, to persuade him to construct an adequate rational structure, by using resources that are at his disposal, from a brand-new and rarely seen material, or to construct a rarely seen structure.

[Mon Dec 15 16:18:38 2003]
Na žalost, mali je i broj arhitekata koji poznaju te materijale i konstrukcije, pa se ne treba čuditi zastojima u primjeni modernih koncepcija prekrivanja prostora
Unfortunately, small is the number of architects who know these materials and structures, so we should not be surprised by standstills in the use of the modern conceptions in covering of spaces

[Mon Dec 15 16:34:31 2003]
U svojoj praksi sam se susretao s investitorima koji nad glavama silom žele težak masivan armiranobetonski krov, sasvim nepodobnu konstrukciju toj određenoj namjeni, konstrukciju nezgodnu za izvođenje i koncepcijski stupidnu, a uz to skupu za društvo i, napokon, za sve nas.
During my practice, I have met investors who forcibly wanted above heads heavy massive reinforced concrete roof, fully unsuitable construction for that specific purpose, construction awkward for the execution and conceptionally senseless, and furthermore expensive to the society and, finally, for all of us.

[Mon Dec 15 16:35:33 2003]
Tu ne pomažu nikakva uvjeravanja u to da se umjesto tako koncipirane konstrukcije krova (radilo se o krovu - poklopcu silosa većeg promjera) može ostvariti isti efekt za nižu cijenu primjenom prostorne lagane lamelirane drvene konstrukcije.
In these situations, no kind of persuasion could help to convince that instead of thus conceived roof construction (it was the roof - cover of silo of large diameter) we could achieve the same effect for the lower price by using spatial lightweight laminated wooden structure.

[Mon Dec 15 16:37:09 2003]
Ne pomaže pozivanje na izvedene primjere u svijetu, na naša iskustva.
It is not even helpful to refer to examples around the world, to our experiences.

[Mon Dec 15 16:37:09 2003]
Mehanizam zaštite interesa društva na zapadu reguliran profitom i tržnim mehanizmima
Mechanism for protecting the interests of western society is regulated by profit and market mechanisms

[Mon Dec 15 16:51:38 2003]
U primjeni novih materijala počesto nailazimo i na iznenađenja, jer nove materijale želimo instinktivno koristiti na načine kako su se (u oblicima i detaljima) koristili do sada u dizajnu konstrukcija.
In the use of new materials we often come across surprises, because we instinctively want to use new materials in ways in which (in shapes and details) they were used so far in structural design.

[Mon Dec 15 16:54:28 2003]
Ta iznenađenja nisu ništa novo, jer smo se sa sličnim problemima susretali i do sada u primjeni novih materijala.
These surprises are nothing new, because we have encountered similar problems in the use of new materials.

[Mon Dec 15 16:56:06 2003]
I armirani beton je nekoć bio nov materijal, pa tako je nekoć bilo iznenađenja kod primjena čelika kao materijala tada nekoć, novih konstrukcija.
Reinforced concrete was once a new material, so there were once surprises in the use of steel as a material of then new constructions.

[Mon Dec 15 16:56:47 2003]
Treba se samo sjetiti ne tako davnih početaka primjena čelika u graditeljstvu.
We only need to remember not so remote beginnings of use of steels in civil engineering.

[Mon Dec 15 16:57:05 2003]
Stupovi od lijevanog željeza imali su isprva kapitele i plitko ižljebljene izvodnice - kanelure.
Columns from cast iron at first had capitals and shallow rutty generatrixes - flutings.

[Mon Dec 15 16:57:05 2003]
Detalji su bili preslikani iz kamena
Details were copied from stone

[Tue Dec 16 11:08:42 2003]
Isto tako, dugo je trebalo armiranom betonu da nađe svoj pravi izraz u dizajnu.
Likewise, it took a long time for the reinforced concrete to finds its proper expression in design.

[Tue Dec 16 11:09:55 2003]
A armirani beton je po svojoj naravi blizak kompresivnim materijalima.
The reinforced concrete is by its nature close to compression materials.

[Tue Dec 16 11:10:39 2003]
U kombinaciji s armaturom, mogućnostima lijevanja u kalupe i slično, nastale su poteškoće u raznim primjenama armiranog betona.
In combination with the armature, possibilities of casting into molds and similar, there emerged some difficulties in various uses of the reinforced concrete.

[Tue Dec 16 11:12:12 2003]
Dugo je trebalo da se koncipiraju gljivaste ploče, slobodne forme, montaža, ferocement u primjeni ljusaka.
It took a long time to outline mushroomed floors, free forms, assembly, and ferrocement in the use of shells.

[Tue Dec 16 11:12:12 2003]
Pa i prvu armiranu konstrukciju višeetažnog skladišta koncipirao je i izveo Mayart na svoj rizik, u vlastitoj režiji
Even the first reinforced construction of a multifloor warehouse was outlined by Mayart on his own risk, in his own production

[Tue Dec 16 11:14:02 2003]
Slika 16.14.
Figure 16.14.

[Tue Dec 16 11:14:11 2003]
Kompjutorom generirani crtež kroja jedne opne od trevire.
Computer generated drawing of a pattern of one trevira membrane.

[Tue Dec 16 11:15:03 2003]
Dio kompjuterskog crteža.
Part of computer drawing.

[Tue Dec 16 11:15:03 2003]
Ovi se crteži prenose na podužno rastegnutu treviru, kako bi se što bolje kroj prilagodio prirodnim uvjetima eksploatacije.
These drawings transfer to longer streched trevira, in order to better adjust the pattern to natural conditions of exploitation.

[Tue Dec 16 11:17:19 2003]
Slika 16.15.
Figure 16.15.

[Tue Dec 16 11:19:03 2003]
Skica za kroj jedne membrane od trevire.
Sketch for a pattern of one trevira membrane.

[Tue Dec 16 11:20:19 2003]
Na osnovi takvih prostoručnih crteža sklapa se model iz KE i iz njega generiraju crteži kroja elemenata, koji se potom prenose na tkaninu.
On the basis of such freehand drawings we assemble a model from the FE, and from that model we generate drawings of elements pattern, which are then transferred on the fabric.

[Tue Dec 16 11:20:33 2003]
Skrojeni dijelovi trevire međusobno se zavaruju VF-zavarivanjem pod pritiskom u jednu cjelinu Postupak je sličan šivanju.
Tailored trevira parts are mutually welded with VF-welding under pressure into one unit. The procedure resembles sewing.

[Tue Dec 16 11:20:39 2003]
Prema Bubneru:
According to Bubner:

[Tue Dec 16 11:20:39 2003]
Membran-konstruktionen, i IL-15 publikacijama.
Membran-konstruktionen, and IL-15 publications.

[Tue Dec 16 11:22:46 2003]
Slika 16.16.
Figure 16.16.

[Tue Dec 16 11:23:27 2003]
Prikaz kompjutorskog modeliranja metodom konačnih elemenata (MKE) hale ameboidnog oblika, čiji je prikaz jedino i moguć sa CAD-om.
Illustration of computer modelling with finite element method (FEM) of an amoebaean shaped hall, whose illustration is possible only with the CAD.

[Tue Dec 16 11:23:27 2003]
Primjer pokazuje da se bez CAD-a ne može projektirati ovakve složene oblike objekata.
This example shows that without the CAD we cannot design such complex shapes of objects.

[Tue Dec 16 11:29:59 2003]
Kod membrane iz podatljive trevire (PVC plastificirane netkane poliesterske tkanine) s prekidnom čvrstoćom (kod 1000/1000 Dena) od 2370/2940 N/5.0 cm, debljine 0.6 mm, mase od 640 g/m2 sa modulom E=104 N/mm2, koja se proizvodi u nas u širini od 140 do 150 cm, i koja, naravno, ne može, kao tkanina, preuzeti nikakav tlak, već samo vlak, susrećemo se i s problemima kako tu membranu pogodno (bez nabora) oblikovati i kako sile prenijeti na druge elemente:
With the membrane made from pliant trevira (PVC plasticized unwoven polyester fabrics) with discontinued strength (by 1000/1000 Den) of 2370/2940 N/5.0 cm, thickness 0.6 mm, mass from 640 g/m2 with the module E104= N/mm2, which is here produced in width from 140 to 150 cm, and which, of course, cannot, unlike fabric, assume any pressure, but only tension, we encounter the problems of how to shape this membrane appropriately (without furrows) and how to trensfer its forces on other elements:

[Tue Dec 16 11:31:01 2003]
užad, jarbole, sidra, krute elemente i sl.
ropes, masts, anchors, stiff elements, etc.

[Tue Dec 16 11:33:36 2003]
Susrećemo se sa šarolikim mogućnostima stabilizacije oblika elemenata i oblika cjeline.
We come across many possibilities of stabilization of shapes of elements and shapes of whole units.

[Tue Dec 16 11:33:36 2003]
Stabilizacija oblika se može postići upuhivanjem zraka (da li balon ili jastuk, disk ili sličan oblik), napetim kablovima, ovjesom o mrežaste konstrukcije, primjenom prednapinjanja (kod pneumatskih greda), pogodnim oslanjanjem s mogućnostima napinjanja membrane.
Stabilization of shapes can be achieved by insufflating the air (balloon, pillow, disc or some similar shape), by tight cables, suspension on mesh structures, use of prestressing (for pneumatic beams), or by appropriate support with possibilities of streching the membrane.

[Tue Dec 16 11:38:19 2003]
U konstrukciji pneumatskih greda se prednaprezanjem (vlak) proizvodi napuhavanjem konstrukcije valjkastog oblika zrakom, da bi se poništila moguća pojava tlaka s dovoljnom rezervom sigurnosti.
In construction of pneumatic beams, prestressing (tension) produces the inflation cylindrical construction with air, in order to nullify the possible appearance of pressure with the sufficient reserve of safety.

[Tue Dec 16 11:40:32 2003]
Pri pojavi tlaka u membrani konstrukcija se "bora", dobiva nabore i gubi postupno svoju nosivost.
The appearance of pressure in the construction membrane causes " wrinkles ", so the construction gradually loses its bearing capacity.

[Tue Dec 16 11:41:38 2003]
Slične su i konstrukcije pneumatskih jastuka i diskova.
Similar to this are constructions of pneumatic cushions and discs.

[Tue Dec 16 11:42:23 2003]
Odatle cijeli spektar novih i zanimljivih rješenja.
Hence the whole spectrum new and interesting solutions.

[Tue Dec 16 11:50:34 2003]
Na primjeru auto gume može se prikazati naš konzervativizam.
The example of a car tire can demonstrate our conservatism.

[Tue Dec 16 11:53:29 2003]
Svijest da se sigurnost i stabilnost konstrukcija može postići samo stalnim ili povremenim ulaganjem (inputom) energije prirodna je u zrakoplovnoj i aeronautičkoj industriji, brodarstvu, automobilskoj industriji i općenito u strojarstvu, ali je manje prisutna u građevinarstvu i arhitekturi.
The awareness that safety and stability of constructions can be achieved only by constant or occasional investment (input) of energy is natural for the aircraft and aeronautical industry, shipping, car industry and generally in mechanical engineering, but it is less present in civil engineering and architecture.

[Tue Dec 16 12:02:35 2003]
Howercraft - vozilo na zračnom jastuku lebdi samo ako mu rade ventilatori, MAGLEV - magnetsko levitacijsko vozilo, Transrapid lebdi samo ako mu se prenosi energija potrebna za lebdjenje presijecanjem magnetskih silnica linearnog motora, a i elektronski sklop je tu sastavni dio uređaja za lebdjenje.
Howercraft - a vehicle on an air bag, hovers only if its fans are operating, MAGLEV - a magnetic levitational vehicle, Transrapid hovers only if it receives the energy necessary for hovering, by cutting magnetic lines of a linear motor, and the electronic complex is here a component part of a hovering device.

[Tue Dec 16 12:03:48 2003]
Bez tog elektronskog sklopa nezamisliv je sustav lebdjenja Transrapida.
Without this electronic complex, the hovering Transrapid system is unimagineble.

[Tue Dec 16 12:06:23 2003]
Načela stalnog ulaganja energije u operabilnost tih sustava je prirodno načelo strojarske struke.
Principles os constant inputs of energies into the operability of these systems is a natural principle of the engineering profession.

[Tue Dec 16 12:06:23 2003]
U graditeljstvu postoje, međutim, snažni otpori takvim koncepcijama i "usvajanju tih noviteta" koji zapravo i nisu neki noviteti u smislu danas već općih spoznaja
In civil engineering exists, however, a strong resistance towards such conceptions and towards the " adoption of those novelties " which, actually, and are not that new in the sense of present-day general ideas

[Tue Dec 16 12:12:25 2003]
Već je u ranijem poglavlju bilo riječi o formuliranju membrane hiperboličnog paraboloida i mogućoj evoluciji "krute" membrane od križanih slojeva drvenih dasaka ili višeslojnih furnirskih traka, ili membrana od armiranog poliestera, ka "mekim" membranama od trevire.
I have already in the previous chapter talked about the formulation of a hyperbolic paraboloid membrane, and about the possible evolution of " stiff " membrane of crossed layers of wooden boards or multilayer veneer bands, or membranes of reinforced polyester, towards " soft " membranes made from trevira.

[Tue Dec 16 12:12:25 2003]
U nekoliko slika prikazuje se grafički ta evolucija iz jedne forme primjerene jednom materijalu u drugu formu primjerenu drugom materijalu
The following Figures graphically illustrate this evolution from one form adequate to one material into another form adequate another material

[Tue Dec 16 12:14:01 2003]
Slika 16.17.
Figure 16.17.

[Tue Dec 16 12:14:07 2003]
Današnje mogućnosti izvođenja na zrak oslonjenih pneumatskih konstrukcija (PK).
Today's possibilities of constructing the air-supported pneumatic structures (PS).

[Tue Dec 16 12:14:10 2003]
Poredbene veličine.
Comparative sizes.

[Tue Dec 16 12:14:30 2003]
1.
1.

[Tue Dec 16 12:14:55 2003]
Na zrak oslonjena konstrukcija od diolena (Forssa, Finska), 2.
Air-supported diolen structure (Forssa, Finland), 2.

[Tue Dec 16 12:15:36 2003]
Tehničke mogućnosti izvedbe s današnjim materijalima, 3.
Technical possibilities of construction by using modern materials, 3.

[Tue Dec 16 12:15:59 2003]
Prognoze graničnih dimenzija na zrak oslonjenih PK (Prema Arenka-Geweben), 4.
Forecasts of marginal dimensions of the air-supported PS (Prema Arenka-Geweben), 4.

[Tue Dec 16 12:15:59 2003]
Usporedba s veličinom BOEING 747 (Jumbo Jet) avion.
Comparison with the size of BOEING 747 (Jumbo Jet) airplane.

[Tue Dec 16 12:17:25 2003]
Slika 16.18.
Figure 16.18.

[Tue Dec 16 12:18:58 2003]
Mogućnosti gradnje PK nad pročistačem pitke vode ili nad pročistačem otpadnih voda.
Possibilities of building PS above the drinking-water purifier, or above the waste water purifier.

[Tue Dec 16 12:21:58 2003]
1) lijevak u nasipu, 2) armirana trevira (u lijevku), 3) obodni prsten, 4) na zrak oslonjena PK (trevira ili diolen tkanje), 5) ulazi, 6) usis.
1) funnel in a dam, 2) reinforced trevira (in a funnel), 3) circumferential ring, 4) air-supported PS (trevira or diolen weave), 5) entrances, 6) wind suction.

[Tue Dec 16 12:22:08 2003]
Na istom principu mogu se graditi i silosi za žitarice, s tim da se posebnim mehanizmom osigurava cirkulacija zrna.
Grain silos can be built on the same principle, with special mechanism which insure circulation of grain.

[Tue Dec 16 12:23:06 2003]
Tlocrti tih konstrukcija su kružni.
Ground plans for these constructions are circular.

[Tue Dec 16 12:23:06 2003]
Kao što je naznačeno, nasip se izvodi iz konusnog iskopa tla pod prirodnim pokosom tla.
As indicated, dam is constructed out of conical excavation of soil under natural ground slope.

[Tue Dec 16 15:45:57 2003]
Slika 16.19.
Figure 16.19.

[Tue Dec 16 15:46:30 2003]
Hale, skladišta od drvenih lameliranih lukova i napete trevire.
Halls, warehouses made from wooden laminated arches and strained treviras.

[Tue Dec 16 15:47:10 2003]
Mogući su i drugi strukturalni oblici:
Other structural shapes are also possible:

[Tue Dec 16 15:47:10 2003]
trozglobni lukovi raznih oblika, trozglobni okviri s ravnim nosačima i slične konstrukcije.
three-hinged bows of various shapes, three-hinged frameworks with flat beams, and similar constructions.

[Tue Dec 16 15:48:36 2003]
Slika 16.20.
Figure 16.20.

[Tue Dec 16 15:48:37 2003]
Podužni presjek jedne nosive konstrukcije sastavljene od pneumatskih jastuka u "Marlen Stern" supermarketu u Wuppertalu (W.
Longitudinal cut of a statical structure composed from pneumatic cushions in " Marlen Stern " supermarket in Wuppertal (W.

[Tue Dec 16 15:48:37 2003]
Lubitz).
Lubitz).

[Tue Dec 16 15:55:56 2003]
Kruta membrana od dasaka ili od betona u stanju je preuzeti i tlačne i vlačne sile u materijalu.
Stiff board membrane or concrete membrane can assume compression and tensile forces from material.

[Tue Dec 16 16:05:54 2003]
Mekana podatljiva tkanina - trevira može preuzeti samo vlačna naprezanja.
Soft pliant fabric - trevira can assume only tensile stresses.

[Tue Dec 16 16:15:52 2003]
Mehaničko preslikavanje riješenih problema pričvršćivanja krute membrane hipara na pričvršćivanje podatljive tkanine iz osnove mijenja cijeli strukturalni sustav.
Mechanical copying of solved problems of attaching stiff membranes of hyperbolic paraboloid to attaching pliant fabric entirely changes the whole structural system.

[Tue Dec 16 16:22:40 2003]
Kod priključka krute tkanine u rubnom elementu se pretežno javljaju uzdužne sile, a kod direktnog pričvršćivanja tkanine, u njemu se javljaju veliki momenti savijanja uz uzdužnu silu, što onemogućava racionalni dizajn rubnih greda paraboloida.
In hard fabric connection, axial forces appear in the edge element, and in the direct attachment of fabric, the edge element acquires large bending moments alongside the axial force, which prevents rational design of edge beams in paraboloids.

[Tue Dec 16 16:24:01 2003]
Tek oslobađanjem tkanine od rubnog elementa i uvođenje novog elementa, užadi koja su pričvršćena za vrhove rubnih elemenata i za koje je pričvršćena tkanina, ponovno uspostavlja narušenu harmoniju i stabilnost sustava.
Freeing the fabric from the edge element and introducing the new element, ropes attached to points of edge elements, and for which the fabric is attached, re-establishes disrupted harmony and stability of the system.

[Tue Dec 16 16:28:06 2003]
Membrana - trevira može se za užad pričvrstiti rinčicama, rukavicama, "užniravanjem" ruba za užad i na slične načine.
Membrane - trevira can be attached to ropes with earrings, gloves, " binding " the edge to ropes, and so on.

[Tue Dec 16 16:28:06 2003]
Da bi se prekrili zazori između užeta (koje je parabola) i rubnog elementa (koji je ravan), treba za uže VF zavariti podatljive preklope pogodnog oblika (aprone), kako bi se spriječilo prokišnjavanje
In order to cover clearances between the cord (parabolic arc) and the edge element (flat surface), we need to VF-weld to the rope pliant folds of the appropriate shape (aprons), in order to prevent leakage

[Tue Dec 16 16:35:02 2003]
To dalje može (kod velikih raspona) voditi i do napuštanja rubnih elemenata i uvođenja novih elemenata, jarbola i stabilizacijskih užadi jarbola, te sidrenih blokova.
This can (in large ranges) lead to desertion of edge elements and introduction of the new elements, masts and stabilization mast ropes, and anchored blocks.

[Tue Dec 16 17:29:45 2003]
Ta su rješenja nategnutih tkanina primjerenija tim materijalima.
These solutions of tense fabrics are more adequate for such materials.

[Tue Dec 16 17:33:58 2003]
Također je tim materijalima primjereno stabiliziranje oblika pomoću upuhavanja zraka, mehaničkih zatezanja uz primjenu amortizera i uvođenja sličnih principa.
These materials are also adequate for stabilization of shape by using inflation of air, mechanical strain with the use of shock absorbers and introduction of similar principles.

[Tue Dec 16 17:42:00 2003]
Oblici napetih podatljivih membrana od trevire i sličnih tkanina prikazani su na slikama.
Shapes of strained pliant trevira membrane and similar fabrics are shown on Figures.

[Wed Dec 17 11:01:26 2003]
Stabilizacija membrane može se postići upuhavanjem zraka u zatvoreni oblik tkanine.
Membrane stabilization can be achieved by inflation of air into a closed fabric shape.

[Wed Dec 17 11:02:05 2003]
Kružne se membrane mogu stabilizirati upuhavanjem zraka između dvije membrane koje su pričvršćene za kružni obodni prsten;
Circular membranes can be stabilized by air inflation between two membranes which are attached to the circular circumferential ring;

[Wed Dec 17 11:17:59 2003]
tako nastaju pneumatski diskovi.
that will create pneumatic discs.

[Wed Dec 17 11:19:29 2003]
Trbusi (strelice kalota) diskova mogu se regulirati primjenom membrana različitih debljina ili primjenom membrana s raznim modulima elastičnosti ili uvođenjem mreže zateznih kabela (obično s donje strane) na koje se napuhana donja membrana oslanja.
Bellies (calotte arrows) of discs can be regulated by using the membranes of different thickness, or by using the membranes with different elastic modules, or by introducing a network of straining cables (usually from the lower side) which support the inflated lower membrane.

[Wed Dec 17 11:19:29 2003]
Ispitivanja koja smo proveli s nekoliko modela pneumatskih diskova pokazuju da su to izvanredno ekonomične strukture
We have tested several models of pneumatic discs, and discovered that those are are remarkably economical structures

[Wed Dec 17 11:35:18 2003]
poremećajima, koji žele promijeniti napeti oblik membrane.
Figures also explain how the primitive devices can strain fabrics so they can remain strained, even at temperature changes, load variations, and similar disturbances, which are inclined to change the strained shape of a membrane.

[Wed Dec 17 11:35:18 2003]
Rješenja su opisana u relevantnoj opsežnoj literaturi o tim konstrukcijama
Solutions are described in relevant extensive literature about these constructions

[Wed Dec 17 11:47:07 2003]
Kod tih konstrukcija je zanimljivo ustanoviti da su pri konstantnom unutrašnjem tlaku u konstrukciji (što se regulira ventilima), vlačno naprezanje u gornjoj i donjoj membrani praktički jednaki.
It is interesting that, at constant internal pressure within a construction (which is regulated with valves), tensile stresses in the upper and lower membrane are practically the same.

[Wed Dec 17 11:48:25 2003]
Međutim, ako se na gornju membranu priloži opterećenje, naprezanje u gornjoj membrani pada, a u donjoj membrani, zbog održavanja iste razine tlaka u disku vlačno naprezanje ostaje nepromijenjeno.
However, if we put load on the upper membrane, strain in the upper membrane will fall, and in the lower membrane, because of the same pressure levels in the disc, tensile stress remains unchanged.

[Wed Dec 17 11:51:41 2003]
Nestabilnost nastaje kad se vlačno naprezanje u gornjoj membrani praktički smanji na nulu, pa nema napetosti koja održava oblik membrane.
Instability occurs when tensile stress in the upper membrane reduces to zero level, so there is no tension which maintains the membrane shape.

[Wed Dec 17 11:54:57 2003]
Moguće je da se ne regulira tlak u disku, već ga se održava konstantnim, u tom slučaju pri opterećenju diska pada vlačni napon u gornjoj membrani, ali i raste u donjoj membrani.
It is possible not to regulate pressure in the disc, but to keep it constant, in that case during the disc load the tensile stress will fall in the upper membrane, but it will grow in the lower membrane.

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