Svi prijevodi dobiveni su uz pomoć NeuroTran-a. Interaktivni mod NeuroTran-a korišten
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uz pomoć NeuroTran-a može uštedjeti više od 85% vremena pri prevođenju tekstova
od kratkih do dugih.
Više o NeuroTran®
softveru možete doznati na web stranici: http://www.tranexp.hr/NeuroTran.html
NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:
[Thu Dec 11 09:36:46 2003]
Nakon provedenih analiza s ICES STRUDL2 sustavom u RC INUG u Zagrebu, kasnije su crteži napona izvedeni ploterom u RC Međimurje u Čakovcu.
After conducted analyses with ICES STRUDL2 system in the CC INUG in Zagreb, later voltage drawings were made with the data plotter in the CC Međimurje in Čakovec.
[Thu Dec 11 09:45:02 2003]
Tih nekoliko primjera pokazuje mogućnosti suvremenih analiza drvenih konstrukcija, kako detalja, tako i cjelina.
A few of these examples show possibilities for a modern analysis of wooden structures, of the details, as well as of the units.
[Thu Dec 11 09:45:02 2003]
Iskustva koja se tim analizama stječu, veoma su dragocjena za unapređenje struke.
Experiences acquired through these analyses are very valuable for the improvement of the profession.
[Thu Dec 11 09:55:13 2003]
Na sličan smo način ustanovili pri dizajnu prostorne konstrukcije hala mlina za kemijsku industriju Zorka u Subotici da se primjenom prostornog štapnog modela okvira s ukrutama, umjesto asemblaže ravninskih okvira s ukrutama, može uštedjeti i do 30% volumena drvene građe i na taj način smanjiti troškove gradnje za oko 20% prema cijeni konstrukcije koja bi bila proračunata na konvencionalni način.
Similarly, we established in the design of a spatial structure of mill halls for the Zorka chemical industry in Subotica that by using a spatial bar frame model with bracings, instead of assembling plane frameworks with bracings, up to 30%of lumber volume can be saved and in this way building costs reduced for about 20%,based on a structure price which would be estimated in the conventional way.
[Thu Dec 11 09:57:19 2003]
Slične smo podatke dobili i za druge konstrukcije, koje su proračunate kao trodimenzionalne (3D) tvorevine, naspram uobičajenog proračuna sklopa ravninskih jedinica.
We got similar data for other structures also, which were calculated as three-dimensional (3D) products, compared to the usual calculation of the assembly of plane units.
[Thu Dec 11 09:57:19 2003]
Danas smo to u mogućnosti činiti u interesu napretka drvenih konstrukcija.
Today we have the possibility to do it in the interest of developing wooden structures.
[Thu Dec 11 10:00:28 2003]
RAZMIŠLJANJA O RAZVOJU KONSTRUKCIJA
IDEAS ABOUT STRUCTURAL DEVELOPMENT
[Thu Dec 11 10:09:50 2003]
Uzori budućih konstrukcija zasnivaju se na iskustvima prethodnih generacija inženjera, te se traže uvijek u predodžbama naučenih shema i formulacija rješenja iz iskustva prošlosti graditeljskih vještina.
Future structure models base on the experiences from previous generations of engineers, and are always wanted when dealing with the ideas of learned schemes and solution formulations from past experiences of building skills.
[Thu Dec 11 10:11:15 2003]
Ta prošla iskustva prenošena učenjem, kopiranjem ili ekstenzijom inženjerskih iskustava prošlosti često danas više nisu put za primjenu novih oblika i novih materijala.
Often today these past experiences, passed through learning, copying or through extension of engineering past experiences of pasts, cannot be used any longer with new forms and new materials.
[Thu Dec 11 10:11:15 2003]
Multimedijski pristup nije linearan već slojevit.
multimedia approach is not linear but multilevel.
[Thu Dec 11 10:23:00 2003]
Možemo grubo reći da se suvremeni automobil ne zasniva na iskustvima iz proizvodnje kola s konjskom zapregom, a let aviona ima malo zajedničkog s letom ptica (osim istih fizičkih zakona).
We can roughly say that a modern car does not base on experiences from the production of horse-drawn carts, whereas flying with planes has little in common with flying of birds (apart from the same physical laws).
[Thu Dec 11 10:23:56 2003]
Plovidba velikih tankera nema mnogo zajedničkog s plivanjem riba.
Navigation of large tankers has little in common with swimming of fish.
[Thu Dec 11 10:23:56 2003]
Suvremeni kompjutori nemaju ništa zajedničkog s mehaničkim strojevima za računanje, pa imali i električni pogon.
Modern computers have nothing in common with mechanical calculating machines, even if they have an electric power unit, as well.
[Thu Dec 11 10:29:43 2003]
Naime, danas postoje materijali i uređaji koji nisu postojali u prošlosti, a današnje mogućnosti formuliranja problema i njihova rješavanja uopće se ne mogu komparirati s mogućnostima prošlih generacija inženjera.
Today, in other words, we have materials and appliances which did not existed in the past, and today's possibilities of formulating problems and finding their solutions cannot at all be compared with possibilities of past generations of engineers.
[Thu Dec 11 10:30:19 2003]
Danas postoje različiti putovi za rješenje pojedinog problema.
Today, there are different ways of finding a solution to a particular problem.
[Thu Dec 11 10:32:54 2003]
Različite inženjerske struke mogu riješiti iste probleme na potpuno drugačije načine.
Various engineering professions can solve same problems in completely different ways.
[Thu Dec 11 10:32:54 2003]
Razlika u rješenjima je rezultat različitih pristupa rješenju problema, a te razlike izviru iz geneze obrazovanja raznih struka.
Different solutions are the result of different approaches to the solution of a problem, and these differences come from the education genesis of different professions.
[Thu Dec 11 10:38:37 2003]
Ako promotrimo razvoj običnog regulacijskog mehanizma vidljivo je da se u doba parnog stroja za regulaciju konstantne brzine obrtaja zamašnjaka primjenjivao Vattov paroregulator (sl.
If we analyze the development of a common regulatory mechanism, we can see that Watt's steam regulator was used for the regulation of constant rotation speed of driving-wheels in the steam-engine age (fig.
[Thu Dec 11 10:42:36 2003]
. Ako se otvori, na primjer, starinski gramofon s metalnom iglom, vidjet će se da za regulaciju broja obrtaja ploče služi isti minijaturni mehanizam.
If, for example, an old record player with a metal needle is opened, we can see that the same small mechanism for the regulation of number of revolutions of the record is used.
[Thu Dec 11 10:44:50 2003]
Taj tip mehanizma pripada mehaničkoj eri tehničkog razvoja.
This type of the mechanism belongs to the mechanical era of the technical development.
[Thu Dec 11 10:49:36 2003]
Danas se za tu regulaciju koriste električni i sve više elektronski regulacijski mehanizmi, podobni elektronskom, informatičkom dobu.
Today, for this kind of regulation, electrical and more and more electronically regulatory mechanisms are used, which correspond to the electronic, information age.
[Thu Dec 11 10:50:34 2003]
Ovi se uređaji također nastoje zamijeniti "pametnim" elektronski programiranim regulacijskim mehanizmima koji su zasnovani na primjeni neuralnih mreža i sl.
"Smart" electronically programmed regulatory mechanisms also try to replace these devices which base on the use of neural networks and similarly
[Thu Dec 11 11:12:11 2003]
Za iste probleme postoje različita rješenja:
There are different solutions to same problems:
[Thu Dec 11 11:12:12 2003]
domet TV postaje može se povećati s građenjem sve viših TV tornjeva (sve veće i veće mase), na po mogućnosti što višim geografskim pozicijama, ali i pomoću plasiranja u orbitu geostacionarnih satelita (sl.
A TV station radius can be increased by building higher TV towers (of bigger and bigger sizes), on preferably as higher geographic areas as possible, and also by using the launching of geostationary satellites in the orbit (fig.
[Thu Dec 11 11:24:04 2003]
. Prvi način je tipično građevinski, mehanički pristup rješenju problema vidnosti TV emisija, dok je drugi način više svojstven današnjim tehničkim dostignućima i mogućnostima.
The first way is typically a building, mechanical approach to solving the visibility problem of TV programs, while the other one is more typical for current technical achievements and possibilities.
[Thu Dec 11 11:24:04 2003]
Prvi se zasniva na golemom utrošku energije uložene u građenje TV tornja, dok se drugi zasniva na sinergiji raznih suvremenih znanja i interdisciplinarnom pristupu rješenju problema.
The first one is based on an enormous use of energy invested in building a TV tower, while the other one is based on synergy of different modern knowledges and interdisciplinary approach to solving the problem.
[Thu Dec 11 11:30:03 2003]
Pristupi su, očito, različiti.
The approaches are, obviously, different.
[Thu Dec 11 11:32:09 2003]
S jedne strane unatoč velikom uloženom trudu, domet zemaljske TV stanice smještene na TV tornju je manji od zone transmisija satelita.
On one hand, earth TV station radius placed on a TV tower is smaller than the transmission zones of satellites, in spite of large effort that was invested.
[Thu Dec 11 11:32:24 2003]
Također se kod visokih TV tornjeva javljaju titranja i deformacije izazvanih silama vjetra i nejednolikim temperaturnim zagrijavanjima strana izloženih sunčanoj insolaciji.
Vibrations and deformations caused by wind forces and uneven temperature warmings of sides exposed to the sun insolation also appear in high TV towers.
[Thu Dec 11 11:34:55 2003]
Ti pomaci mogu biti vrlo veliki:
These displacements can be very big:
[Thu Dec 11 11:34:55 2003]
kod TV tornja Ostankinovo u Moskvi pomaci vrha betonskog tornja iznose i do 15 metara, a što se kompenzira složenim hidrauličkim mehanizmima.
the displacements of the top of the concrete tower of Ostankinovo TV tower in Moscow reach even up to 15 meters, which is compensated by complex hydraulic mechanisms.
[Thu Dec 11 11:43:28 2003]
Suvremeni pristupi dizajnu nastoje koristiti SVA nova saznanja i SVE nove mogućnosti efemerizacije:
Modern design approaches try to use ALL new discoveries and ALL new possibilities of ephemerization:
[Thu Dec 11 11:43:28 2003]
učiniti što više i što bolje od što manje materijala, što manje utroška energije i što manjim utroškom mase, primjenjujući ZNANOST i sinergiju.
do as more and as better as possible from as the less material used as possible, use energy as less as possible with as as less consumption of the mass as possible, using SCIENCE and synergy.
[Thu Dec 11 11:54:09 2003]
Nekada su rješenja naizgled trivijalna.
Solutions sometimes seem trivial.
[Thu Dec 11 11:55:08 2003]
Na primjer, ako se gradi mrežasta konstrukcija od malih elemenata - kosnica, onda je to primjereno drvetu i metalu, a ako se radi element od poliestera armiranog staklenim voalom ili tekstilom od staklenih vlakana, očito je da se element (kosnica) treba integrirati u sam pokrov i u izolaciju elementa, što vodi sasvim drugačijoj konstrukciji od one mrežaste od drvenih kosnica.
For example, if a mesh structure made from small elements - diagonal struts - is being built, then this is fitting for wood and metal, but if a polyester element, made from reinforced glass voal or textile glassfibre, is being made, then it is obvious that the element (diagonal strut) needs to be integrated into the covering and isolation of the element, which gives us a structure which is completely different from that meshlike structure of wooden diagonal struts.
[Thu Dec 11 11:57:24 2003]
Ako se koristi metalni pokrov, koristit će se metalni panelni elementi jer je besmisleno odvajanje metalne nosive strukture od metalnog pokrova.
If a metal covering is used, metal panel elements will be used because it would be illogical to separate metal bearing structures from the metal covering.
[Thu Dec 11 12:00:21 2003]
Također će se onda dio lima romba pokrova, prešanjem formirati u prostorno kruti oblik, kako bi mu se povećala nosivost.
Then also a part of sheet metal of the covering rhomb will be formed into a spatial rigid form by pressing, in order to increase its capacity.
[Thu Dec 11 12:00:36 2003]
Kod aluminijske geodetske kupole vodovoda u Dalju (danas razoreno), koristili su se trokutasti, posebno oblikovani paneli od tankog aluminijskog lima.
In the aluminic geodetic dome of the water supply system in Dalj (today destroyed), triangular, specially shaped panels made from thin aluminic sheet metal were used.
[Thu Dec 11 12:00:36 2003]
Nosiva struktura i pokrov čine nerazdvojnu cjelinu.
Bearing structure and covering make an inseparable unit.
[Thu Dec 11 12:17:19 2003]
Ako se neki prostor pokriva mekom, podatljivom tekstilnom membranom oslonjenom na prostornu mrežastu konstrukciju, rješenja su opet drugačija.
If some area is covered with a soft, flexible textile membrane supported on a spatial mesh structure, solutions are once more different.
[Thu Dec 11 12:18:23 2003]
Membrana se može ovjesiti ili osloniti na konstrukciju prostorne mreže štapova.
The membrane can be suspended or supported the structure of a spatial mesh of members.
[Thu Dec 11 12:19:22 2003]
Kod LIO mrežastih konstrukcija štapovi su od aluminijskih cijevi, a TREVIRA je ovješena u čvorovima mreže štapova.
In LIO mesh structures members are made from aluminium pipes, and TREVIRA is suspended in mesh nodes of members.
[Thu Dec 11 12:27:13 2003]
Međutim, u konačnosti, može se iskoristiti vlačna nosivost podatljive armirane membrane, pa se mogu izostaviti sekundarni nosivi elementi.
However, finally, the tensile capacity of the flexible reinforced membrane can be used, so secondary bearing elements can be left out.
[Thu Dec 11 12:27:13 2003]
Membrana se može udvojiti, ovjesiti o primarne čvorove mreže štapova, a međuprostor između membrana napuhati zrakom, čime se dolazi do sasvim novih tipova konstrukcija u kojima je iskorištena vlačna nosivost tkanina i tlačna nosivost mrežastih svodova ili kupola, a ujedno se dobiva razvedena i živa forma pneumatskih jastuka.
The membrane can be twinned, suspended on primary mesh nodes of members, and the intermediate space between membranes air-inflated, which creates completely new types of structures in which the tensile fabric capacity and compressive capacity of meshed vaults or domes were used, and also a developed and living form of pneumatic cushions is obtained.
[Thu Dec 11 12:37:26 2003]
S druge strane, ako se tkaninom (trevirom, diolenom ili sličnom membranom), pokriva neki prostor, povoljno je da tkanina visi na mrežastoj konstrukciji ili da visi na lukovima strukture.
On the other hand, if a fabric (trevira, diolen or similar membrane), is used to cover some area, it is convenient to have the fabric hanging on the mesh structure or on the arches of the structure.
[Thu Dec 11 12:40:10 2003]
Pri tome treba osigurati njezino stalno napinjanje nekim mehaničkim putem, npr. sustavom opruga po perimetru strukture ili se napinjanje membrane može osigurati na neki drugi način.
In the process, its constant streching by some mechanical manner needs to be assured, for example by a spring system per a perimeter of the structure or its streching can be assured in some other way.
[Thu Dec 11 12:40:36 2003]
Moguće je treviru osloniti i na mrežastu konstrukciju, ali se onda u čvorovima trebaju uvesti posebni kompenzacijski međuelementi, napuhane lopte (od trevire ili gume), kojima se automatski regulira napetost membrane od trevire.
It is also possible to support trevira on the mesh structure, but then special compensational interelements, inflated balls (made from trevira or rubber) need to be inserted in the nodes, which automatically regulates the tension of a trevira membrane.
[Thu Dec 11 12:48:33 2003]
Tlak se u tim čvornim loptama može regulirati posebnim regulacijskim sustavom.
Pressure in these nodal balls can be regulated by a special regulatory system.
[Thu Dec 11 12:53:08 2003]
Taj tlak u loptama ovisi o temperaturi, razlikama vanjske i unutrašnje temperature, insolaciji, vanjskom opterećenju, starosti membrane, puzanju (koje je zavisno o temperaturi, vremenu trajanja opterećenja, naponskom stanju u membrani) i sličnim čimbenicima.
This pressure in balls depends on temperature, differences between outer and inner temperatures, insolation, exterior load, membrane's duration, creep (which depends on temperature, load duration, voltage condition in the membrane) and similar factors.
[Thu Dec 11 12:53:08 2003]
Također je moguće napinjati membranu sustavom opruga, tako da se sredine, težišta dijelova membrana, napinju sustavom prostornih opruga.
It is also possible to stretch the membrane of the spring system, so that the centers of the gravity of membrane parts are stretched by the system of spatial springs.
[Thu Dec 11 14:14:06 2003]
Drugi je mogući način napinjanja, primjena na zrak oslonjenih konstrukcija i u POTPUNOSTI eliminirati mrežasti podupirući strukturalni sustav, ali se pritom uvodi i novi spektar elemenata:
Another possible stretching method is the use of air-supported structures and a COMPLETE elimination of the meshlike supporting structural system, but in doing so a new spectrum of elements is being introduced:
[Thu Dec 11 14:15:08 2003]
kompresore, ventilatore, posebne ulazno/izlazne jedinice, senzore, električne uklopno/isklopne mehanizme, odzračne ventile, rezervne uređaje i sl.
compressors, fans, special entry/output units, sensors, electrical integrating/disconnecting mechanisms, de-airing valves, reserve devices and similar
[Thu Dec 11 14:18:46 2003]
Mogu se uvesti i solarni kolektori koji su ukomponirani u samu pokrovnu membranu, kako bi se koristila sunčana energija za djelomičan pogon sustava za zagrijavanje, hlađenje i sl.
Solar main sewers can also be introduced which are built in the covering membrane itself, in order to use sun energy for a partial running of systems for warming, cooling and similar.
[Thu Dec 11 14:18:46 2003]
Moguća je i primjena zrakom ispunjenih konstrukcija, pneumatskih diskova.
Use of structures filled with air, pneumatic discs, is also possible.
[Thu Dec 11 14:27:08 2003]
Kod tih konstrukcija se primjenom raznih materijala (različite debljine i različitih modula elastičnosti) za gornju i donju membranu mogu regulirati promjeri zakrivljenosti gornje i donje membrane.
In these structures, by using different materials (of different thickness and different elastic modulus) for the upper and lower membrane, the curvature diameters of the upper and lower membranes can be regulated.
[Thu Dec 11 14:28:07 2003]
Također se mogu primijeniti i radijalni nosivi kabeli s donje, gornje ili i s gornje i s donje strane membrane.
Radial bearing cables from the lower, upper or also from the upper and lower part of membrane can be used.
[Thu Dec 11 14:28:07 2003]
Kod tih je konstrukcija eliminiran središnji "klasični" nosivi sustav, a opterećenje membrana pneumatskog diska prenosi se na obodni prsten od lameliranog drveta, metala ili armiranog betona.
In those structures is eliminated the central " classical " bearing system, and the load on membranes of pneumatic disc transfers to the circumferential ring made from laminated wood, metal or reinforced concrete.
[Thu Dec 11 14:34:10 2003]
U vrijeme parnog stroja reguliranje broja okreta zamašnjaka stroja izvodilo se Wattovim paroregulatorom na mehaničkim principima regulacije broja okretaja zamašnjaka.
During the steam-engine age, the regulation of driving-wheel revolutions of an engine was done by the Watt steam regulator based on mechanical principles of the regulation of driving-wheel revolutions.
[Thu Dec 11 14:35:22 2003]
U doba primjene elektronskih cijevi koristila se regulacija povratnom vezom.
In the age of electronic pipes, the regulation of the feedback was used.
[Thu Dec 11 14:37:19 2003]
U doba kompjutora, koristi se načelo regulacije tranzistorskim tehnikama.
In the computer age, the principle of regulation by transistor techniques has been used.
[Thu Dec 11 14:39:57 2003]
Stalno je pritom prisutan trend minijaturizacije.
In doing so, the miniaturization trend is constantly present.
[Thu Dec 11 14:39:57 2003]
Prikazani su kao primjeri načela rješavanja istovjetnih problema regulacijskih tehnika primjereni tehnološkim mogućnostima doba u kojem se određeni problem rješavao.
They are represented as examples of principles for solving same problems of regulatory techniques that correspond to technological possibilities of the age in which a particular problem was being solved.
[Thu Dec 11 14:40:59 2003]
Vattov regulator
The Watt's regulator
[Thu Dec 11 14:41:35 2003]
cijevni regulator i tranzistorski regulator
pipe regulator and transistor regulator
[Thu Dec 11 14:48:51 2003]
Primjer evolucije i revolucije u komunikacijskoj tehnici.
Example of evolutions and revolution in the communication technique.
[Thu Dec 11 14:50:49 2003]
Dok su se građevinari "zabavljali" izgradnjom sve viših i viših TV tornjeva (često smještenim na visokim prirodnim uzvišenjima i planinama, kako bi im se proširio domet emitiranja), rješenje stabilnog prijenosa signala na velikim površinama pronašlo se u drugim strukturama specijalizacija i u satelitskoj tehnici geostacionarnih satelita.
While building constructors "were entertained" with building higher and higher TV towers (often situated in high natural elevations and mountains, in order to expand the broadcasting radius), the solution to stable signal transmission in large areas was found in other specialization structures and in the satellite technique of geostationary satellites.
[Thu Dec 11 14:51:42 2003]
Pritom se moralo riješiti mnoge interdisciplinarne probleme, pa i problem efemerizacije:
In doing so must a number of interdisciplinary problems had to be solved, even the ephemerization problem:
[Thu Dec 11 14:53:43 2003]
učiniti što bolje, uza što manji utrošak materijala.
do as better as possible, with as less material consumed as possible.
[Thu Dec 11 14:56:48 2003]
Morali su se prethodno riješiti i problemi raketne tehnike, lansiranja satelita, a naravno i izrade satelita i zemaljskih stanica.
Problems of rocketry, satellite launching, and of course of production of satellites and earthly stations had to be solved before that.
[Thu Dec 11 14:56:48 2003]
Komunikacijskom satelitu sigurno nije bio uzor razvoja razvojni trend TV armiranobetonskih tornjeva.
The development trend of TV reinforced concrete towers was surely not the development model for the communication satellite .
[Thu Dec 11 14:59:34 2003]
postoje granice rasta
there are limits growth
[Thu Dec 11 15:02:38 2003]
Drveni svod od malih elemenata, Zollingen, Paseljnikov, a) opća shema unaprijeđenog sustava Paseljnikov;
wooden vault made from small elements, Zollingen, Paseljnikov, a) general scheme of the improved Paseljnikov system;
[Thu Dec 11 15:03:13 2003]
c) unaprijeđen sustav Zollingen-Sheer-Siebert;
c) improved Zollingen-Sheer-Siebert system;
[Thu Dec 11 15:03:31 2003]
d) integrirani element (mreže i pokrova) s izolacijama kod primjene armiranih poliestera;
d) integrated element (of a mesh and covering) with isolations in the use of reinforced polyesters;
[Thu Dec 11 15:03:31 2003]
e) detalj sendviča integriranog sistema.
e) sandwich detail of of integrated system.
[Thu Dec 11 15:05:02 2003]
C) Napomena uz sliku:
C) Comment by the Figure:
[Thu Dec 11 15:05:02 2003]
unaprijeđeni sustav Zollingen
the improved Zollingen system
[Thu Dec 11 15:11:38 2003]
Moguća pričvršćenja trevire ili diolena za nosive mrežaste konstrukcije.
Possible fastenings of trevira or diolens to bearing mesh structures.
[Thu Dec 11 15:11:57 2003]
Lijevo:
Left:
[Thu Dec 11 15:12:37 2003]
ovjes primijenjen u sustavu mrežastih konstrukcija LIO.
suspension used in the system of mesh structures LIO.
[Thu Dec 11 15:12:38 2003]
Napetost membrane tkanine regulira se pomoću priteznih konopaca pri dnu konstrukcije.
Tension of fabric membrane is regulated by compression ropes at the bottom of the structure.
[Thu Dec 11 15:13:07 2003]
Desno:
Right:
[Thu Dec 11 15:15:49 2003]
napetost membrane regulirana je pneumatskim loptama u svim čvorovima mreže.
tension of the membrane is regulated by pneumatic balls in all mesh nodes.
[Thu Dec 11 15:15:53 2003]
U lopte koje isprva nisu napete, vremenom ili kad je to potrebno, upumpava se zrak, čime se lopte napinju, tako da membrana bude uvijek dovoljno napeta.
In balls which at first are not tightened, in time or when necessary, the air is pumped in, which tightens the balls, so that the membrane always tightened enough.
[Thu Dec 11 15:15:55 2003]
a) prostorna mrežasta konstrukcija;
a) spatial mesh structure;
[Thu Dec 11 15:15:58 2003]
b) ovjes;
b) suspension;
[Thu Dec 11 15:16:01 2003]
c) membrana;
c) membrane;
[Thu Dec 11 15:16:03 2003]
d) lopta;
d) ball;
[Thu Dec 11 15:16:03 2003]
e) kompresor.
e) compressor.
[Thu Dec 11 15:26:50 2003]
Postoje, dakle, razna rješenja za iste probleme.
, therefore, there are different solutions to same problems.
[Thu Dec 11 15:29:55 2003]
Koje će se rješenje odabrati ovisi o nizu čimbenika:
Which solution will be chosen depends on a number of factors:
[Thu Dec 11 15:29:55 2003]
cijeni investicije i cijeni održavanja, prihvatljivom dizajnu, mogućnostima izvođenja, zahtijevanoj trajnosti i sigurnosti, dizajnerskim sposobnostima, sposobnostima konstruktora, prosvjećenosti investitora, mogućnostima dobivanja građevnih dozvola i sličnim elementima.
investment price and maintenance cost, acceptable design, realization possibilities, requested durability and safety, designer's abilities, constructor's abilities, investor's education, possibilities for gettings of building permissions and similar elements.
[Thu Dec 11 15:34:46 2003]
Kod svih membranskih konstrukcija od ovješenih tkanina, potrebno je osigurati i amortizaciju žive sile vjetra, pa područje mehaničkih apsorbera i amortizera mora biti uključeno u projekt konstrukcije.
in all membrane structures made from suspended fabrics, it is necessary to assure the mercury amortization by wind force, so the area of mechanical absorbers and shock absorbers must be included in the structure project.
[Thu Dec 11 15:35:46 2003]
Pri tome treba uvijek razmišljati o tome da se što bolje iskoristi upotrijebljeni materijal.
In doing so, one should always think about best ways in which to use the used material.
[Thu Dec 11 15:36:38 2003]
To ne mora biti uvijek razlogom uštede.
The reason does not have to be always saving.
[Thu Dec 11 15:39:50 2003]
Mora se gledati na ukupne uštede, a ne samo na uštede kod nekih dijelova strukture.
total savings should be considered, and not only savings in some parts of the structure.
[Thu Dec 11 15:39:50 2003]
Često je produženje ili skraćivanje vremena gradnje odlučno za izbor rješenja.
prolongation or reduction of building duration is often crucial for the selection of a solution.
[Thu Dec 11 15:45:39 2003]
Treba imati na umu da se obično rješenja primjenjiva i prikladna jednom materijalu ne mogu primijeniti kod drugih materijala.
One should keep in mind that usually the solutions applicable to and fitting for one material cannot be used with other materials.
[Thu Dec 11 15:48:28 2003]
Razmotrimo to na jednom primjeru izvedbe hipara.
Let's analyze this on one example of a hyperbolic paraboloid realization.
[Thu Dec 11 15:49:16 2003]
Hipar se sastoji od membrane sastavljene od križanih slojeva dasaka, rubnih elemenata, stupova oslonaca, temelja i pokrovne membrane od trevire, i ostalih nekonstruktivnih dijelova.
Hyperbolic paraboloid consists of a membrane made from crossed layers of panels, boundary elements, supporting pillars, foundations and covering trevira membranes, and other unconstructive parts.
[Thu Dec 11 15:50:21 2003]
Trevira ima znatnu vlačnu čvrstoću koja se ne može adekvatno iskoristiti ako treviru primjenjujemo samo kao pokrivalo konstrukcije.
Trevira has a considerable tensile strength which cannot be adequately used if trevira is applied only as a cover of the structure.
[Thu Dec 11 15:51:32 2003]
Moglo bi se pomisliti da ju možemo direktno iskoristiti, kao nosivi sustav, eliminacijom ljuske od dasaka.
One could think that it can be used directly, as a bearing system, by eliminating the panel shell.
[Thu Dec 11 15:51:32 2003]
Međutim, kod hipara s "krutim" rubnim elementima i ovješenom trevirom ne bi imalo nikakvog smisla pričvrstiti treviru za rubni element i eliminirati unakrsni sloj nosivih dasaka.
However, in the hyperbolic paraboloid with " rigid " marginal elements and suspended trevira membrane there would be no sense in attaching trevira to a boundary element and eliminate a cross layer of bearing panels.
[Thu Dec 11 16:01:56 2003]
Eliminiranjem unakrsnog nosivog daščanog sloja ljuske i direktnim pričvršćivanjem trevire za rubne elemente unosimo u rubne elemente velike momente i napone savijanja, što cijeli sustav strukturalno čini defektnim i na taj način ga financijski obezvrjeđuje.
By eliminating the cross bearing board layer of the shell and by directly attaching trevira to marginal elements, we add large moments and voltages of bending to the marginal elements, which makes the whole system structurally defective and it also devaluates financially it in this way.
[Thu Dec 11 16:03:44 2003]
Stoga način pričvršćenja membrane za rubne elemente u slučaju eliminacije ljuske iz unakrsno složenih dasaka mora biti bitno drugačiji nego kod hipara s krutom membranom od dasaka.
Therefore the way of attaching the membrane to boundary elements in the case of the shell elimination from cross complex panels must be significantly different than in the hyperbolic paraboloid with the rigid board membrane.
[Thu Dec 11 16:03:44 2003]
Trevira kao platno ima samo vlačnu čvrstoću.
Trevira, as a linen, has only tensile strength.
[Thu Dec 11 16:09:36 2003]
Stoga ju treba za rubne elemente hipara pričvrstiti tako da način pričvršćenja ne unosi savijanje u rubne elemente hipara.
Therefore it needs to be attached to the marginal elements of the hyperbolic paraboloid so that the way of attaching does not introduce bending in the marginal elements of the hyperbolic paraboloid.
[Thu Dec 11 16:10:39 2003]
To je moguće samo prihvaćanjem trevire za užad koja su razapeta od čvora (ugla) hipara do susjednog čvora (ugla) hipara.
This is possible only by fastening trevira to ropes which are stretched from the node (corner) of the hyperbolic paraboloid to the adjacent node (corner) of the hyperbolic paraboloid.
[Thu Dec 11 16:13:30 2003]
Na taj se način generira vlak u treviri, vlačna sila u ovjesnom užetu i uzdužna tlačna sila u rubnom elementu.
In this way, the tension, tensile force in the suspended cord and longitudinal compressive force in the boundary element are being generated in trevira.
[Thu Dec 11 16:15:39 2003]
Time se ne postiže samo znatna ušteda u materijalu rubnih elemenata već se ostvaruje i "zdravi" dizajn u smislu prilagodbe dizajna hipara novim materijalima.
In this way, not only a considerable saving of the marginal elements material is realized, but also a "healthy" design in the sense of adapting the design of the hyperbolic paraboloid with new materials.
[Thu Dec 11 16:15:39 2003]
Takva se rješenja vjekovima koriste kod pričvršćivanja jedara za jarbole.
Such solutions have been used in fastening sails to the mast for centuries.
[Thu Dec 11 16:21:21 2003]
Daljnji put redizajna hiperboloida onda dovodi i do totalne likvidacije rubnih elemenata i zamjene rubnih elemenata jarbolima i sidrenim stopama.
Further redesigning of the hyperboloid causes then a total liquidation of the marginal elements and replacement of marginal elements with masts and anchored feet.
[Thu Dec 11 16:21:53 2003]
Vrhovi jarbola (od drveta ili čeličnih cijevi) moraju biti prostorno stabilizirani užadima.
Mast-heads (of wood or steel pipes) must be spatially stabilized with cords.
[Thu Dec 11 16:21:53 2003]
To su strukture napetih membrana.
These structures are made from tight membranes.
[Thu Dec 11 16:25:37 2003]
Često je neracionalnost dizajna struktura uzrokovana nemogućnostima sagledavanja prostora i prostornog 3D djelovanja strukturalnih elemenata u asemblaži strukturalne cjeline.
Irrationality of structure designs is often caused by the impossibilities to perceive an area and spatial 3D activities of structural elements in the assembling of a structural unit.
[Thu Dec 11 16:26:53 2003]
Jedno od praktički svakodnevnih neracionalnih rješenja prikazano je u rješenju na skici (c).
One of practically everyday irrational solutions is illustrated in the solution in the draft (c).
[Thu Dec 11 16:30:12 2003]
Naravno da je skica karikirana.
That draft is of course represented as a caricature.
[Thu Dec 11 16:31:21 2003]
Tu nije važan način temeljenja, već principijelni način ostvarenja pune upetosti stupova u temeljno tlo.
It is not the foundation method that counts here, but the principle of realizing full fixities of pillars in the subsoil.
[Thu Dec 11 16:33:42 2003]
U toj su varijanti stupovi konzolni.
In this variant the pillars are cantilever.
[Thu Dec 11 16:37:20 2003]
Ako postoje zabatni zidovi (kruti diskovi), horizontalne se sile (H) koje djeluju pri vrhu stupova mogu prenijeti preko podužnih krovnih vezova na zabatne zidove koji nisu dovoljno veliki da bi mogli sve te sile preuzeti na sebe.
If there are gable walls (rigid discs), horizontal forces (H), that have effect at the top of pillars, can be transfered through longitudinal roof trusses to gable walls that are not big enough to receive all those force by themselves.
[Thu Dec 11 16:37:20 2003]
S druge strane, u krovnim ravninama raspolažemo s dovoljnom visinom za te rešetkaste nosače, koji su ujedno i stabilizacijski vezovi i vjetrovni spregovi, pa su i sile u njihovim pojasevima relativno male.
On the other hand, in roof planes there is a sufficient height for those trusses, which are also at the same time stability binders and wind bracings, so the forces in their flanges are relatively small.
[Thu Dec 11 16:44:32 2003]
U pendl-stupovima konstrukcije (d) postoje samo uzdužne sile, čime se postiže racionalnost dizajna čeličnih stupova.
In pendulum-pillars of the structure (d) there are only axial forces, with which the rationality in designing steel columns is achieved.
[Thu Dec 11 16:49:57 2003]
Temelji su znatno manji nego kod varijante (c), jer su i temelji centrički opterećeni.
Foundations are considerably smaller than in the variant (c), because the foundations are also centrally burdened.
[Thu Dec 11 16:50:41 2003]
Taj se sustav može primijeniti samo do određenih duljina hala, jer se kod većih duljina susrećemo s rastućim progibima, pa onda i pomacima vrhova stupova, što može halu učiniti neupotrebljivom.
This system can be used only to certain lengths of halls, because if lengths are bigger, we come across growing deflections and displacements of tops of pillars as well, which can make the hall unusable.
[Thu Dec 11 16:52:24 2003]
Ti se sustavi MORAJU proračunavati kao 3D prostorni sustavi s uključenjem u proračunski model SVIH elemenata konstrukcije.
These systems MUST be calculated as 3D spatial systems and included in the calcuation model of ALL elements of the structure.
[Thu Dec 11 16:52:24 2003]
Na prvi pogled statički sustav prikazan na varijanti (d) nije statički stabilan, ali on je naravno stabilan u okvirima cijelog 3D strukturalnog sustava.
at first appearance the statical system illustrated in the variant (d) is not statically stable, but it is of course stable in the framework of the entire 3D structural system.
[Fri Dec 12 08:51:03 2003]
zabatni zid
gable wall
[Fri Dec 12 08:51:26 2003]
konstruktivno potreban temelj zabatnog zida
constructively required foundation of the gable wall
[Fri Dec 12 08:51:48 2003]
vjetrovni vez
wind binder
[Fri Dec 12 08:51:58 2003]
tlocrt
ground plan
[Fri Dec 12 08:52:18 2003]
konzola
console
[Fri Dec 12 08:53:11 2003]
konzola
cantilever
[Fri Dec 12 08:53:57 2003]
neracionalno
irrational
[Fri Dec 12 08:54:23 2003]
rešetka
truss
[Fri Dec 12 09:02:35 2003]
Modelsko ispitivanje stabilnosti jedne 3D konstrukcije hale sastavljene od GLULAM nosača, čeličnih pendl stupova, drvenih zabatnih stijena i čeličnih "X" oblikovanih zatega.
Testing of the model stability of a 3D hall structure composed of GLULAM structures, steel pendulum columns, wooden gable walls and steel "X"-shaped tie rods.
[Fri Dec 12 09:04:10 2003]
Analiza je provedena s "A_BUCKLING" analizom, s FEA programom COSMOS/M.
The analysis was conducted with the " A_BUCKLING " analysis, the FEA program COSMOS/M.
[Fri Dec 12 09:05:44 2003]
Oblik izvijanja (B_mode) pokazuje kriterij gubitka stabilnosti jer je manji od 1.00.
Shape of twisting (B_mode) indicates a criterion of stability loss because it is less than 1.00.
[Fri Dec 12 09:07:33 2003]
B_mode ukazuje za koliko se priloženo opterećenje može povećati da bi došlo do gubitka stabilnosti.
B_mode indicates for how much the applied load can be increased in order to lose the stability.
[Fri Dec 12 09:10:01 2003]
Negativni predznak B_moda ukazuje da bi do gubitka stabilnosti došlo pri savijanju nekog elementa (ili niza elemenata) u promatranoj konstrukciji.
The negative sign of the B_mode indicates that the stability loss happens if an element (or series of elements) in the observed structure bends.
[Fri Dec 12 09:10:31 2003]
Nakon nekih sanacijskih zahvata i ojačanja (ukrućenja) zabatnih stijena kriterij gubitka stabilnosti bio je zadovoljen.
After some recovery interventions and reinforcements (stiffenings) of gable walls, the criterion for stability loss is fulfilled.
[Fri Dec 12 09:12:04 2003]
Ova hala je proračunata po svim principima i kriterijima 3D djelovanja cjeline.
This hall is calculated according to all principles and criteria of 3D unit functioning.
[Fri Dec 12 09:12:04 2003]
Stupovi su pendl-stupovi, a horizontalno ukrućenje postiže se vezovima u ravnini krovne konstrukcije i prijenosom horizontalnih sila na zabatne stijene.
Pillars are pendulum-pillars, whereas the horizontal stiffening is achieved with connections at the plane of roof structures and with the transfer of horizontal forces to gable walls.
[Fri Dec 12 09:26:21 2003]
Opisani put je put razvoja primjena novih materijala i razvoja novih oblika.
This method describes a development of new material use and of new forms.
[Fri Dec 12 09:31:17 2003]
Često se taj optimalni dizajn primjene novih materijala ne uočava odmah, već treba proteći stanovito vrijeme da se nedostaci prethodne primjene novih materijala u materijalu neodgovarajućim formama uoče i uklone.
Often this optimal use design of new materials is not observed right away, but a certain time needs to pass for the flaws of previous uses of new materials in the material to be noticed and removed by inappropriate forms.
[Fri Dec 12 09:34:54 2003]
Kada se uvelo lijevano željezo u graditeljsku praksu gradnje stupova, imitiralo se u čeliku oblike kamenih stupova pa i uvođenje valjanih čeličnih profila nije odmah donijelo primjenjive čiste oblike toga materijala.
When the cast iron was introduced into the building practice of pillars, shapes of stone pillars were imitated in steel, so even the introduction of valid steel sections did not create usable simple forms of this material right away.
[Fri Dec 12 09:34:54 2003]
Imitirale su se, u prvo vrijeme primjene čelika, poznate forme iz konstrukcija od drveta i kamena, da bi se tijekom godina primjena čelika u građevnom konstruktorstvu iskristalizirale i razvile današnje forme čeličnih struktura i detalja svojstvenih čeliku.
In the beginning of the steel use, common forms from wooden structures and stones were imitated, but throughout the years of using steel in the building construction current forms of steel structures and details characteristic for steel were crystallized and developed.
[Fri Dec 12 09:37:16 2003]
Drveni lamelirani pješački most.
Wooden laminated foot-bridge.
[Fri Dec 12 09:37:16 2003]
Suvremeni CAD alati omogućuju istraživanje i izvođenje novih oblika.
Modern CAD tools make research and realization of new forms possible.
[Fri Dec 12 09:42:47 2003]
Ponekad se suviše gleda u poprečni presjek (poprečnu dispoziciju) konstrukcije, a zaboravlja se da je to samo jedan isječak iz globalne konstrukcije i da je svaka konstrukcija prostorna.
Cross section (transversal disposition) of the structures is sometimes given too much attention, and we forget that it is only one segment of the global structure and that each structure is spatial.
[Fri Dec 12 09:45:18 2003]
No u većini slučajeva se trodimenzionalnost strukture i njeno prostorno djelovanje ne razmatraju kao 3D cjelina, već se svaki element konstrukcije razmatra u svojoj ravnini.
But in majority of cases, a three-dimensional quality of the structure and its spatial effect are not seen as a 3D unit, but instead each element of the structure is examined in its plane.
[Fri Dec 12 09:45:18 2003]
Ako hala ima zabatne stijene, onda se te stijene mogu iskoristiti kao nosivi sustav na kojeg se mogu prenijeti horizontalne sile generirane u sustavu krovne konstrukcije, a stupovi se mogu osloboditi pogubnih momenata savijanja.
If a hall has gable walls, then they can be used as a bearing system to which horizontal forces generated in the roof structure system can be transfered, and pillars can be released from unsafe bending moments.
[Fri Dec 12 09:55:42 2003]
Naime, čelični stup koji je konzolno oslonjen nije ekonomičan, ne samo zbog dvostruke duljine izvijanja, već i stoga što je u njemu samo dio stupa pri temeljnoj ploči iskorišten na samo jednom ili drugom rubu stupa
In other words, a steel column supported as a cantilever is not economical, not only because of twin buckling lengths, but also because only a part of the pillar at the floor slab is used only on one or the other edge of the pillar
[Fri Dec 12 10:42:48 2003]
Također, kod laganih konstrukcija nepovoljno je onda iskorištena i temeljna stopa stupa.
Then a used and basic foot of the pillar is also not good in light structures.
[Fri Dec 12 10:49:53 2003]
Stup bi bio pogodno iskorišten onda, kad bi bio izvediv kao pendl stup.
The Pillar would be appropriately used then, if it could be realized as a pendulum column.
[Fri Dec 12 10:53:32 2003]
Stabilizacijskim vezama duž hale i vezovima u ravnini krova koji su izvedeni tako da kao rešetke prenose horizontalne sile u krovnoj razini na zabatne stijene (inače obično strukturalno neiskorištene), može se vrhove stupova prostorno stabilizirati, osloboditi momenata savijanja i izvesti ih kao pendl stupove.
With stabilization connections along the hall and with connections in the roof plane which were built as trusses that transfer horizontal forces in the roof level to gable walls (which are otherwise structurally unused), tops of pillars can be spatially stabilized, released from bending moments and build as pendulum columns.
[Fri Dec 12 10:57:11 2003]
Istina, ako se konstrukcija promatra u ravnini, u poprečnoj dispoziciji, dakle, razmatra presjek hale, strukturalni sustav je naizgled nestabilan, jer se ne prikazuju stabilizacijski sustavi koji održavaju oblik i stabilnost strukturalnog sustava.
It is true that, if the structure is observed in the plane, in a transversal disposition, that is, if the section of the hall is observed, the structural system appears to be unstable, because stabilization systems which maintain the form and stability of the structural system are not shown.
[Fri Dec 12 10:57:33 2003]
Tek tlocrt vezova, kao i prostorni crtež, pokazuju da je strukturalni sustav stabilan, a proračunima MKE može se dimenzionirati cijeli sustav, naći nosivost sustava, sile izvijanja u stupovima i tlačnim elementima strukture, te dokazati nosivost i upotrebljivost strukture.
Only a ground plan of connections and a spatial drawing show that the structural system is stable, whereas with and FEM calculations the entire system can be dimensioned, bearing capacity of the system and buckling forces in pillars and compression members structures system found and bearing capacity and usability of the structure proven.
[Fri Dec 12 10:57:34 2003]
Na crtežima je prikazano ovo razmatranje (sl.
drawings illustrate this analysis (fig.
[Fri Dec 12 11:02:00 2003]
Strukama kao što su strojarstvo, aeronautika i sl.
Fields such as mechanical engineering, aeronautics and similar.
[Fri Dec 12 11:02:00 2003]
struke gdje se dizajniraju prostorne tvorbe, stran je način parcijalnog dizajna, jer se sam oblik automobila, zrakoplova, rakete, plovila i vozila opire ravninskim prikazima i analizama.
fields where spatial formations are designed, unusual is a method of partial design, because the form of a car, plane, rocket, sail and vehicle resists plane illustrations and analyses.
[Fri Dec 12 11:04:05 2003]
Jedna od bitnih prepreka proizvodnji i primjeni novih konstrukcija jest nedovoljna obaviještenost o dostignućima u drugim znanstvenim područjima.
One of important obstacles in the production and use of new structures, is the insufficient level of information about achievements in other scientific areas.
[Fri Dec 12 11:07:49 2003]
Najčešće se i ne zna što industrija (ili zanatstvo i mala privreda) može proizvesti.
Most often we do not even know what an industry (or handicraft and small industry) can produce.
[Fri Dec 12 11:12:06 2003]
Parcijalizacija, departmentizacija i zatvaranje u uske okvire struka i okvire primjena samo nekih određenih materijala s kojima se pretežno radi, često su prepreka sagledavanju cjeline i prepreka kooperaciji.
Partialization, departmentalization and closing in narrow frameworks of a line of work and in frameworks of using only certain materials which are mostly used, very often represent an obstacle to perceiving a whole and obstacle to cooperating.
[Fri Dec 12 11:13:05 2003]
Širina problema je danas očita.
Today, the problem complexity is apparent.
[Fri Dec 12 11:13:53 2003]
Stoga je za pronalaženje optimalnog rješenja potreban INTERDISCIPLINARNI pristup problemima.
Therefore, an INTERDISCIPLINARY approach to problems is necessary for finding an optimal solution.
[Fri Dec 12 11:16:50 2003]
Potrebna je uključenost u svjetske banke podataka.
The involvement of the world data bank is necessary.
[Fri Dec 12 11:17:29 2003]
Njihovim pretraživanjem dolazi se do skoro trenutnih obavijesti o razinama rješavanja pojedinog problema u svijetu.
By searching the data, one can get information about levels of solving a single problem around the world almost instantly.
[Fri Dec 12 11:17:29 2003]
No to ne znači da se ti problemi kod nas ne mogu uspješno riješiti.
But that does not mean that these problems cannot be successfully solve here also.
[Fri Dec 12 11:23:29 2003]
Dapače, problemi pred nas postavljaju zanimljive izazove.
On the contrary, problems put interesting challenges before us.
[Fri Dec 12 11:23:29 2003]
Samo da li ima dovoljno dobre volje, spremnosti i sredstava za financiranje znanstvenih istraživanja, laboratorijske eksperimente, izradu prototipova i njihova ispitivanja, a nakon uspješnih testova da li ima i dovoljno sredstava da se pokrene proizvodnja?
The only problem is whether the willingness, readiness and means for financing a scientific research, lab experiments, production of prototypes and their testing are sufficient, and whether also means to do start the production after successful testings there are sufficient?
[Fri Dec 12 11:27:05 2003]
Današnji razvoj znanosti i informatike je skoro zastrašujući.
Modern development of science and information science is almost frightening.
[Fri Dec 12 11:27:58 2003]
Nastoji se osim toga, svijet, događaje i ciljeve razvoja sagledati realno.
Furthermore, there have been attempts to looka at the world, events and objectives of development from a realistic point of view.
[Fri Dec 12 11:30:42 2003]
Više se ne zadovoljavamo poznatim i naučenim odgovorima zasnovanim na prethodnim iskustvima:
Known and learned answers based on previous experiences are no longer satisfactory:
[Fri Dec 12 11:30:42 2003]
zrakoplov leti bolje od ptica, automobili se kreću bolje od konjskih zaprega, televizija i Web prenose zbivanja s prije nezamislivih udaljenosti, brišu se granice lokalnih zbivanja.
an airplane flies better than a bird, cars move better than horse-drawn carts, television and Web transmit events from distances that were inconceivable before, limits of local events are erased.
[Fri Dec 12 11:37:42 2003]
Kod gradnje objekata nastoji se integrirati ne samo dizajn (projektiranje) i izvođenje, već i iskorištavanje objekata, financiranje održavanja, monitoriranje objekata, često predviđajući projektom i recikliranje ili rastavljanje i uklanjanje objekata u nekoj (predvidivoj) budućnosti, a čiju će cijenu morati plaćati buduće generacije, koje danas zadužujemo svojim današnjim djelatnostima.
When building objects, not only design (planning) and realization try to be integrated, but also their use, maintenance financing, monitoring of objects, often also recycling or the disassembling and removal of objects in some (predictable) future predicted with the project, and whose price future generations will have to pay, who today get incured with debts by our current activities.
[Fri Dec 12 11:42:44 2003]
ne zadovoljavamo se više dizajnom mostova po kojima se kreće samo promet vozila.
For example, we are no longer satisfied with designing bridges only for vehicle traffic.
[Fri Dec 12 11:49:11 2003]
Pogotovo onih ugrađenih u gradskom tkivu, a zasnovanih samo na omogućavanju prometa vozila.
Especially the bridges built in a town core and used only for making vehicle traffic possible.
[Fri Dec 12 11:56:08 2003]
Vraćamo se danas ponovno idejama nastanjenih mostova, koji imaju svojih predložaka u prošlosti, kad mostove nije zaposjeo agresivni automobilski promet vozila, već se na njima odvijao puni život grada i građana.
Today, we return to the concepts of inhabited bridges once more, whose examples can be seen throughout the history, when bridges were not invaded by the aggressive car traffic, but instead a full life of town and citizens took place on them
[Fri Dec 12 11:56:08 2003]
Nedavni natječaj za gradnju novog nastanjenog mosta preko Themse u Londonu, samo je jedan izdanak takvih novih promišljanja i kretanja oslobođenih znanja gradnje i projektiranja mostova naučenih na iskustvima nedavne prošlosti uglavnom naučenih na eksploataciji naučenih znanja statike i načina građenja.
Today, we return to the concepts of inhabited bridges once more, whose examples can be seen throughout the history, when bridges were not invaded by the aggressive car traffic, but instead a full life of town and citizens took place on them A recent competition for building a new inhabited bridge on the Thames in London represents only one part of such new ideas and movements liberated from knowledges of building and designing of bridges obtained by experiences of the recent past, obtained mainly from the exploitation of acquired knowledges of statics and building method.
[Fri Dec 12 12:20:06 2003]
Svakako treba pogledati rješenja pozvanih arhitekata tog međunarodnog natječaja, jer se u njima kriju ideje budućnosti i buduće gradnje mostova u gradovima, a koja radikalno presijecaju veze s prošlim iskustvima građenja jednomodalnih mostova.
The solutions of architects invited at this international competition definitely need to be looked at, because there are hidden ideas of the future and future building of town bridges, and which radically cut off ties with past experiences of building single-mode bridges.
[Fri Dec 12 12:20:11 2003]
U knjizi:
In the book:
[Fri Dec 12 12:20:21 2003]
Living Bridges, The Inhabited Bridge:
Living Bridges, The Inhabited Bridge:
[Fri Dec 12 12:20:25 2003]
Past, Present and Future, autora P.
Past, Present and Future, by P.
[Fri Dec 12 12:20:28 2003]
Murraya i M.
Murray and M.
[Fri Dec 12 12:20:43 2003]
Stevens, izdavača Prestel, Münich i N.
Stevens, publishers Prestel, Münich and N.
[Fri Dec 12 12:23:24 2003]
opisuju se takva nastojanja integracije funkcija i višemodalnog sagledavanja funkcije integralnih objekata, koji se današnjim mogućnostima analiza i građenja mogu ostvariti na ponos naše generacije i budućih generacija projektanata i graditelja mostova.
describe such efforts of integrating functions and multimode realizations of integral object function, which can be realized with current possibilities of analyses and building to the pride of our generation and future generations of architects and bridge builders.
[Fri Dec 12 12:26:35 2003]
Inovacije u građevinskoj struci
Innovations in building profession
[Fri Dec 12 12:46:36 2003]
Velike izmjene u građevinskoj struci nastale primjenom informacijske tehnologije, novih FE postupaka proračunavanja nosivosti i stabilnosti, manipulacija datotekama, uvođenjem ekspertnih sustava, uvođenje Interneta, te A-E-C postupaka u građenju, uvođenje EC standarda, kao i inovacija u spektru materijala, razvoj i primjena novih materijala i konstrukcija, rađanje novih ideja iz međustrukovne suradnje, zasigurno imaju odraza na građevinsko poslovanje i ponašanje.
Big changes in the building profession resulting from the use of information technologies, new FE procedures of calculating bearing capacity and stability, file manipulations, introduction of expert systems, introduction of the Internet and A-E-C procedures in the building, introduction of the EC standard, as well as innovations in the material variety, development and use of new materials and structures, new ideas born through the interprofessional cooperation, surely have impact on the building business and behavior.
[Fri Dec 12 12:47:39 2003]
Naravno da te ubrzavajuće promjene imaju posljedica i u obrazovanju građevinskih inženjera.
Of course, these increasing changes have also effect in the education of civil engineers.
[Fri Dec 12 12:47:39 2003]
U cilju ilustracija napisanog u tekstu se citiraju neke relevantne WEB stranice.
For the purpose of illustrating the written, there are some relevant WEB sites quoted in the text.
[Fri Dec 12 12:50:51 2003]
Naravno da građevinska struka, kao i sve druge struke, stalno napreduje.
Of course the building profession, as well as all other lines of work, develop all the time.
[Fri Dec 12 12:52:12 2003]
U napredovanju se i mijenja.
And change at the same time.
[Fri Dec 12 12:53:42 2003]
Upitna je samo brzina tih promjena i naša prilagodba tim stalnim mijenama.
Only the speed of these changes and our adjustment to these constant changes are questionable.
[Fri Dec 12 12:53:42 2003]
Govori se o E-poslovanju građevinskih poduzeća.
There has been some talk about e-business of building companies.
[Fri Dec 12 14:20:15 2003]
Razvijaju se novi materijali, koji omogućuju građenje novih tipova konstrukcija.
New materials, that make the building of new types of structures possible, are being developed.
[Fri Dec 12 14:20:33 2003]
Tu postoji zaostatak u vremenu između inovacije i njene primjene (tzv.
There is a time lag between the innovation and its application
[Fri Dec 12 14:22:40 2003]
Zbog naše neinformiranosti i desetogodišnje samoizolacije od svijeta, mnoge inovacije kod nas nemaju odgovarajućeg odgovora.
Because of being uninformed and ten-year self-isolations from the world, many innovations do not get an appropriate response here.
[Fri Dec 12 14:23:45 2003]
To se posebice odnosi na filozofiju građenja, industrijsko građenje, primjenu robotike.
This especially refers on the philosophy of building, industrial building, robotics use.
[Fri Dec 12 14:25:28 2003]
Razvili su se i dalje se razvijaju novi postupci analiza nosivosti i stabilnosti konstrukcija.
New analysis procedures of bearing capacity and structure stabilities have been and still are being being developed.
[Fri Dec 12 14:25:28 2003]
Nove metodologije proračuna, koje sve više prelaze u svakodnevne rutinske poslove projektanata.
New calculation methodologies, which more and more turn into everyday routine businesses of architects.
[Fri Dec 12 14:56:09 2003]
Hit tema je informacijska tehnologija (IT) i njena besprijekorna primjena u građevinskoj praksi.
The most popular subject is the information technology (IT) and its perfect use in the building practice.
