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NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:

[Tue Dec 16 09:58:26 2003]
Za stup duljina izvijanja iznosi:
The buckling length for the pillar is:

[Tue Dec 16 09:59:41 2003]
Za prečku duljina izvijanja iznosi:
For the bar of buckling length is:

[Tue Dec 16 10:00:52 2003]
Dvozglobni i trozglobni lukovi:
Two-hinged and tree-hinged arches:

[Tue Dec 16 10:00:52 2003]
oznake.
labels.

[Tue Dec 16 10:03:35 2003]
Za dvozglobne i trozglobne lukove s odnosom strelice luka prema rasponu (h/l) između 0.15 i 0.5 i s praktički konstantnim poprečnim presjekom može se duljina izvijanja izraziti sa:
The buckling length for two-hinged and three-hinged arches with an arch arrow in the direction of the span (h/l) between 0.15 and 0.5 and with a practically constant cross section, can be expressed with:

[Tue Dec 16 10:06:39 2003]
pri čemu je duljina polovice luka.
where is the length is a half of the arch.

[Tue Dec 16 10:06:39 2003]
Za dokaz izvijanja treba uzeti uzdužnu silu N u četvrtinama luka.
To prove the buckling, the axial force N in the quarters of the arch is required.

[Tue Dec 16 10:07:24 2003]
Provjera izvijanja lameliranih trozglobnih lukova
Checking the buckling of laminated tree-hinged arches

[Tue Dec 16 10:10:09 2003]
Prema EC5 sustav okvirnog štapa promatra se kao izvorno zakrivljeno oblikovan štap.
According to the EC5, the frame member system is considered an originally curved shaped member.

[Tue Dec 16 10:10:09 2003]
Može se primijeniti približna metoda proračuna.
Was able use approximate calculation method can be used.

[Tue Dec 16 10:10:42 2003]
Lamelirani lijepljeni trozglobni okvir.
laminated glued three-hinged frame.

[Tue Dec 16 10:16:39 2003]
Za slučaj opterećenja koje daje najveća naprezanja na savijanje u zakrivljenom dijelu (u točki D), dio AE nosača (E je točka u kojoj je moment savijanja M=0), tretira se kao lateralno opterećeni nosač.
In case of the load which makes biggest stresses on the bending in a curved part (in the D point), the AE part of a girder (E is the point in which the bending moment M=0) is treated as a laterally loaded structure.

[Tue Dec 16 10:16:39 2003]
Slobodna dužina nosača uzeta je kap lAE ili - ako to daje veću vitkost - kao razmak između točaka u kojima je nosač pridržan za lateralno opterećenje.
Free length of the girder is considered the lAE or - if this produces a bigger slenderness - a spacing of points in which the girder is supported for the lateral load.

[Tue Dec 16 10:22:32 2003]
Treba zadovoljiti uvjet:
The condition needs to be satisfied:

[Tue Dec 16 10:28:00 2003]
u ravnom dijelu (u točki F) dio CG (G je točka u kojoj je M=0) tretira se kao lateralno opterećeni nosač.
in a flat part (in the F point), the CG part (G is the point in which M=0) is treated as a laterally loaded girder.

[Tue Dec 16 10:28:00 2003]
Slobodna duljina nosača uzeta je kao ICG ili - ako to daje veću vrijednost - kao razmak između točaka u kojima je nosač pridržan za lateralno opterećenje okvira.
Free length of of the girder is considered the ICG or if this gives a bigger value a spacing between the points in which the girder is supported for the lateral load of the framework.

[Tue Dec 16 10:29:50 2003]
je kut između pravca vlakana i gornjeg ruba prečke, kao što je to na sl.
is the angle between the grain direction and upper edge of the bar, such as it is marked in the Fig.

[Tue Dec 16 10:35:53 2003]
Ako se koristi provjera FEA postupcima, onda treba modelirati inicijalno deformirane sustave u smislu EC5 preporuka.
If it is checked with the FEA procedures, then need to be modeled initially deformed systems according to EC5 recommendations.

[Tue Dec 16 10:38:42 2003]
Ove se inicijalne deformacije mogu dobiti tako da se na nosače priloži neko opterećenje (u smislu propisanih preporuka, koje će inicijalno deformirati sustav) i traži deformacija od tog opterećenja.
These initial deformations can be achieved if some load is put on the girders (according to prescribed recommendations, which will initially deform the system) and if the deformation of that load is wanted.

[Tue Dec 16 10:43:09 2003]
Prethodno se u opciji statičke analize postavi zastavica (flag) za uzimanje deformiranog sustava kao osnove sljedeće analize.
A small flag is previously placed in the static analysis option for specifying the deformed system as the basis of the following analysis.

[Tue Dec 16 10:45:47 2003]
U koliko su deformacije unutar onih određenih standardom, usvaja se tako deformirani sustav, te se ponovno u analizi vrati zastavica (flag) za uključenje deformiranog sustava, te se provede statička (A_STATIC) analiza i analiza stabilnosti (A_BUCKLING).
If the deformations are within those determined by the standard, the system deformed in this way is adopted, and the small flag is once more put back in the analysis for switching the deformed system on, so the static (A_STATIC) analyses and stability analysis (A_BUCKLING) are conducted.

[Tue Dec 16 10:47:44 2003]
Treba napomenuti, da se kod modeliranja sustava treba koristiti s FE SHELL4L s jednim slojem debljine t odgovarajućoj širini presjeka nosača, jer ti elementi omogućavaju upis Epar (EX), E90 (EY) i Gxy modula.
It needs to be mentioned that when modeling the systems the FE SHELL4L needs to be used with one layer of t thickness and corresponding width of a girder section, because these elements make possible the input of Epar (EX), E90 (EY) and Gxy modules.

[Tue Dec 16 10:49:08 2003]
Treba kod geometrijskog modeliranja nosača paziti da smjer lokalnog koordinatnog smjera x KE budu STVARNO u smjeru vlakanaca drveta.
In geometric modeling of girders, one should take care that the direction of the local coordinate direction x FE, REALLY corresponds to the direction of thin wood fibers.

[Tue Dec 16 10:49:08 2003]
Mnogi nesporazumi slijede iz nepoštivanja ovih uvjeta modeliranja.
Many misunderstandings emerge if these modeling conditions are ignored.

[Tue Dec 16 10:52:31 2003]
Usporedba proračuna vitkih štapova po EC5 propisima i po prijašnjem tzv.
calculation Comparison of slim members according to EC5 regulations and according to earlier so-called.

[Tue Dec 16 10:52:31 2003]
w postupku.
w procedure.

[Tue Dec 16 10:58:41 2003]
čvrstoća izvijanja
strengths of bendings

[Tue Dec 16 11:01:32 2003]
vitkost
slenderness

[Tue Dec 16 11:03:04 2003]
I ovdje se ponovo navodi, da se pomoću FEM i FEA programa (npr.
Here se mentioned again, that by using the FEM and FEA programs (e.g.

[Tue Dec 16 11:03:32 2003]
COSMOS/M, DIANA, LUSAS, NASTRAN, SOFISTIK i sl.)
COSMOS/M, DIANA, LUSAS, QUEER, SOFISTIK and similar.)

[Tue Dec 16 11:07:00 2003]
mogu dobiti svi parametri gubitka stabilnosti konstrukcija.
) all parameters of stability loss of structures can be found.

[Tue Dec 16 11:07:03 2003]
Također se ove provjere mogu provesti korištenjem ES za EC5 kojeg je razvila Dr.
This checking can also be done by using the ES for the EC5 which was developed by Dr.

[Tue Dec 16 11:13:21 2003]
Bjelanović, a jednostavnije provjere stabilnosti mogu se provesti STEP za EC5 programima.
Bjelanović, whereas easier stability testings can be done with the STEP for EC5 programs.

[Tue Dec 16 11:14:07 2003]
WELLSTEG NOSAČI
WELLSTEG BEAMS

[Tue Dec 16 11:18:48 2003]
Wellsteg nosači su I složeni nosači koji se sastoje od pojasa drveta koji su s jedne strane sinusoidalno utoreni, s ulijepljenim u utore pojasa rebrom od šperploče.
Wellsteg beams are also assemble beams which comprises than the flange of wood who on one hand sinusoidal has been headed, with glued into in slots of flange rib than plywoods.

[Wed Dec 17 12:07:17 2003]
Prema tome rebro ima u presjeku rebra sinusoidalni oblik.
Therefore the rib is sinusoidal in the section.

[Wed Dec 17 12:08:07 2003]
Šperploča rebra je kontinuirano nastavljena lijepljenjem.
The rib's plywood is continuously extended by glueing.

[Wed Dec 17 12:13:12 2003]
Pojasevi su isto tako nastavljeni zupčastim lijepljenim spojem.
Flanges are also extended by a finger joint.

[Wed Dec 17 12:15:01 2003]
Nosači se industrijski proizvode u kontinuiranom procesu, da bi se potom rezali na određene duljine.
Girders are industrially made uninterruptedly, in order to cut afterwards to certain lengths.

[Wed Dec 17 12:16:00 2003]
Koriste se kao podrožnice, nosači i stropni nosači.
They are used as roof purlines, girders and floor girders.

[Wed Dec 17 12:16:31 2003]
Nosači tipa WEKA-EL sa širokim pojasom koriste se za stropove i podove zgrada, a i zidove stambenih zgrada.
WEKA-EL Girders with a wide flange are used for ceilings and floors of building, and also for walls of residential buildings.

[Wed Dec 17 12:16:52 2003]
Kod nas se WELLSTEG nosači rijetko ili praktički nikako ne koriste.
Here WELLSTEG beams are used rarely or practically not at all.

[Wed Dec 17 12:16:52 2003]
Za više podataka pogledati Web stranicu
For more information look at the following site

[Wed Dec 17 12:27:05 2003]
a) slika WELLSTEG nosača, b) primjena nosača, c) primjena i izgled sačastih WELLSTEG WE-KA-EL nosača.
a) WELLSTEG beam illustration, b) use of girders, c) use and form of the honeycomb WELLSTEG WE-KA-EL girders.

[Wed Dec 17 12:28:08 2003]
Daju se osnovni podaci o WELLSTEG nosačima:
Basic information on WELLSTEG beams is given:

[Wed Dec 17 12:28:32 2003]
mogućnosti izvođenja:
realization possibilities:

[Wed Dec 17 12:28:32 2003]
H od 190 do 510 mm, h1 od 30 do 80 mm, B od 60 do 180 mm d, u dimenzijama 4, 7, 11 i 14 mm.
H from 190 to 510 mm, h1 from 30 to 80 mm, B of 60 to 180 mm d, in dimensions of 4, 7, 11 and 14 mm.

[Wed Dec 17 12:29:56 2003]
Presjek nosača s dimenzijama.
Section of the girder with dimensions.

[Wed Dec 17 12:29:56 2003]
Oznake su nosača H/h1/B/d.
girder's symbols are H/h1/B/d.

[Wed Dec 17 12:31:14 2003]
Presjek kroz rebro nosača.
Section through the girder web.

[Wed Dec 17 12:36:24 2003]
Pojasevi kod FKO nosača
Flanges in FKO girders

[Wed Dec 17 12:37:12 2003]
Dopušteno naprezanje
Allowable stress

[Wed Dec 17 12:38:04 2003]
Savijanje
Bending

[Wed Dec 17 12:38:20 2003]
Vlak paralelno vlaknima
Tension parallel to grains

[Wed Dec 17 12:38:48 2003]
Tlak paralelno vlaknima
Pressure parallelly to grains

[Wed Dec 17 12:39:05 2003]
E-modul savijanja
E-bending modulus

[Wed Dec 17 12:39:24 2003]
Posmik u lijepljenoj reški
Shear in the glued joint layer

[Wed Dec 17 12:43:21 2003]
Pojasevi kod FKO nosača
Flanges in FKO girders

[Wed Dec 17 12:46:16 2003]
Modul posmika
Shear modulus

[Wed Dec 17 12:46:26 2003]
Šperploča
Plywood

[Wed Dec 17 12:49:59 2003]
Dopuštene rezne sile za standardne presjeke FKI nosača
Allowed section forces for standard sections of FKI girders

[Wed Dec 17 12:51:04 2003]
Tip nosača
Girder type

[Wed Dec 17 12:51:47 2003]
Vlastita težina
dead weight

[Wed Dec 17 12:52:38 2003]
Krutost
Stiffness

[Wed Dec 17 12:53:10 2003]
Poprečna sila
Shear force

[Wed Dec 17 12:55:08 2003]
Trajna sila nalijeganja
The permanent leaning force

[Wed Dec 17 12:56:15 2003]
Podaci su uzeti iz tablica (18.07.96.)
Information taken from the tables (18.07.96.)

[Wed Dec 17 12:56:15 2003]
WELLSTEG nosača (WELLSTEG SA, Rte St-Aubin, 1564 Domdidier)
) of the Wellsteg beam (WELLSTEG SA, Rte ST-Aubin, 1564 Domdidier)

[Wed Dec 17 14:08:12 2003]
Oznake profila su H/h1/B/d, a prema slici
Profile symbols are H/h1/B/d, and according to the Figure

[Wed Dec 17 14:09:12 2003]
Izvedbene mogućnosti
Realization possibilities

[Wed Dec 17 14:10:03 2003]
u klasi kakvoće
in the quality class

[Wed Dec 17 14:11:00 2003]
Statičke formule
Static formulas

[Wed Dec 17 14:11:37 2003]
Moment inercije
Inertia moment

[Wed Dec 17 14:12:07 2003]
Moment otpornosti
resistance instant

[Wed Dec 17 14:12:47 2003]
Statički moment presjeka u lijepljenoj reški
static moment of the section in the glued joint

[Wed Dec 17 14:13:50 2003]
Statički moment rebra
The static moment of the rib

[Wed Dec 17 14:14:26 2003]
Dopuštena poprečna sila
The Allowable shear force

[Wed Dec 17 14:17:39 2003]
Napomena:
Comment:

[Wed Dec 17 14:17:39 2003]
po pravilima EUROCODE standarda SVI industrijski proizvedeni proizvodi MORAJU imati ateste i ograničeno vrijeme dopuštenja za korištenje atesta.
according to the regulations of EUROCODE standard, ALL products manufactured indutrially MUST have certificates and limited time permitted the for use of the certificate.

[Wed Dec 17 14:18:52 2003]
RAD I ENERGIJA - SASTAVNI DIO STRUKTURA
OPERATION AND ENERGY - COMPONENT PART OF THE STRUCTURE

[Wed Dec 17 14:32:55 2003]
U strukturalnoj praksi građevinski se inženjeri često koriste energetskim stavcima u pronalaženju pomaka točaka struktura, u proračunima deformacija konstrukcija, određivanju unutarnjih reznih sila i reakcija kompleksnih struktura.
In the structural practice, building engineers often use energy items when looking for displacements of structure points, when calculating the deformations of structures, when defining internal section forces and reactions of complex structures.

[Wed Dec 17 14:32:55 2003]
Očekivalo bi se stoga da onda moraju biti svjesni utroška količina energije i rada u proizvodima koje dizajniraju, provjeravaju i proizvode te da će u svojoj djelatnosti težiti ostvarenju proizvoda uz minimum energetskih potreba.
One would then expect that they are aware of the quantity of the consumed energy and operation of the products they design, check and produce, and that they will seek to realize products with the minimum of the required energy in their activities.

[Wed Dec 17 14:47:37 2003]
Pokazuje se, međutim, da to nije tako i zapravo se malo misli o cjelokupnom utrošku energije i rada.
As it appears, however, the reality is different so and actually the total energy use and operation are rarely taken into account.

[Wed Dec 17 14:50:25 2003]
Redovito se teži ostvarenju minimalnih dimenzija elemenata, što dovodi do opasnosti da objekti ne zadovolje buduće potrebe njihove primjene.
The realization of minimum dimensions of elements is usually sought for, which compromises the objects possibility to satisfy future needs of their use.

[Wed Dec 17 14:50:25 2003]
Težnja o vrednovanju potencijala za konzervaciju energije u konstrukcijama, elementima i cjelovitim strukturama i općenito građevinskim proizvodima novijeg je datuma i u svijetu.
Aspiration to valuating potentials for the energy conservation in structures, elements and integral structures and generally in building products which are of recent date even in the world.

[Wed Dec 17 14:55:30 2003]
Već je poodavno na to upozorio pokojni R.
Even the deceased R. warned about it long ago

[Wed Dec 17 15:08:05 2003]
Fuller, ali je trebalo svijetu susresti se s naftnom krizom, s upozorenjima Rimskog kluba o ograničenosti naših resursa, a mi s našom ekonomskom krizom da bismo taj zahtjev dizajna počeli promatrati kao jedan od budućih ključnih problema konstruktorskog djelovanja i rada, te konačno i svakog racionalnog dizajna.
Fuller warned about it long ago, but the world had to experience the oil crisis, with warnings of the Roman club about the limitations of our resources, as we had to experience our economic crisis in order to start considering this requirement of designing as one of future key problems of structural activity and operation, and finally of every rational design.

[Wed Dec 17 15:08:05 2003]
Sada se, isto tako, konzervacija energije (ako se o tome iole vodi briga) u industriji konstrukcija svodi na operacijske uštede u utrošku energije, a relativno malo pažnje poklanja se UKUPNO utrošenoj energiji od "izvora do smrti" proizvoda i UKUPNOJ cijeni energije u građevinskoj proizvodnji.
The energy conservation (if any care about it is taken at all) also in the structure industry now comes down to operational savings in the energy use, and relatively little attention is paid to the TOTAL amount of the spent energy of "source to death" products and to the FULL cost price of the energy in the building production.

[Wed Dec 17 15:13:21 2003]
Zaokupljeni smo većinom minornim metodama proračunavanja idealiziranih proračunskih modela, uštedama u šipkama armature i sličnim problemima.
We have mainly been occupied with minor calculation methods of idealized calcuation models, with savings of reinforcements in bars and with similar problems.

[Wed Dec 17 15:16:38 2003]
Čak i tamo gdje se može štedjeti s optimalnim dizajnom to ne primjenjujemo.
Even there where it is possible to save with the optimal design, we do not utilize it.

[Wed Dec 17 15:17:52 2003]
Razmatrajući problem optimizacije strukturalnog dizajna vidi se da se u graditeljstvu stalno rade PROTOTIPOVI, a nema stvarne velikoserijske masovne industrijske proizvodnje proizvoda, pa se i ne može postići velika ušteda optimizacijom samo, i uvijek, po jednog prototipa, jer je izvedba prototipa uvijek skupa.
Examining the optimization problem of structural design, we can see that PROTOTYPES are constantly being produced in the building construction, and that there is no real large-scale serial mass industrial production of products, so a large saving by optimization cannot be achieved only, and always, of one prototype, because the realization of a prototype is always expensive.

[Wed Dec 17 15:17:52 2003]
Drugačija je ta pozicija u strojarstvu.
In the mechanical engineering, this position is different.

[Wed Dec 17 15:31:59 2003]
Ako se samo na jednom proizvodu, npr. nekom alatu koji se proizvodi u desetinama tisuća istovjetnih primjeraka uštedi oko 20% na težini materijala, uštede su u globalu ogromne, jer se proizvode ogromne serije ISTOVJETNIH proizvoda.
some tool which is produced in tenths of thousand identical example, about 20% of the material weight is saved, the savings are big in general, because huge series of IDENTICAL products are being produced.

[Wed Dec 17 15:31:59 2003]
Također u strojarstvu, pogotovo u industriji zrakoplova, svemirskih letjelica, pa i običnih automobila, često je potrebno kreirati model nekog proizvoda, ili proizvod u kojem je smanjenje težine bitna komponenta dizajna.
Also in the mechanical engineering, especially in the industry of planes, spacecrafts, and normal cars, it is frequently necessary to create a model of some product, or a product in which the weight reduction is an important component of designing.

[Wed Dec 17 15:39:37 2003]
Utrošak energije u gradnju, život i razgradnju (smrt i uklanjanje) objekata.
Energy use in the building, lifetime and deconstruction (ruin and removal) of objects.

[Wed Dec 17 15:40:02 2003]
Kumulativni utrošak energije pokazuje točku razine dosadašnjih i u budućnosti anticipiranih ulaganja, pri kojoj se mora donijeti odluka o zamjeni ili isplativosti rekonstrukcije objekta ili odluka o razgradnji objekta.
The cumulative energy use shows the level degree of past and in future anticipated investments, at which a decision about the replacement or profitability of object reconstruction or a decision about the deconstruction of an object must be made.

[Wed Dec 17 15:42:55 2003]
U dizajnu bi se o tome trebalo voditi računa.
the design should also be taken into account.

[Wed Dec 17 15:43:34 2003]
U dijagramu su prikazani kumulativni utrošci energije u životnom vijeku objekta.
Cumulative energy uses of the object's duration are shown in the diagram.

[Wed Dec 17 15:45:46 2003]
Rukovodna ideja je profit, u nas dugo zabranjena riječ i pojam.
The leading idea is the profit, a long forbidden word and concept in Croatia.

[Wed Dec 17 15:46:36 2003]
Stoga je i ovaj pristup za naše pojmove nov, iako je to osnova ekonomskih odlučivanja u svijetu.
Therefore even this approach is new to us, although it represents a basis for making economic decisions in the world.

[Wed Dec 17 15:47:49 2003]
O razgradnjama objekata dizajneri novih objekata malo razmišljaju.
Designers of new objects pay little attention to the deconstruction of objects.

[Wed Dec 17 15:47:49 2003]
Ti se budući troškovi prebacuju "na leđa" budućim generacijama, što predstavlja prilično nemoralni odnos prema njima.
These future costs are thrown over " to the back " of future generations, what represents a rather immoral relation towards them.

[Wed Dec 17 15:52:14 2003]
utrošak energije u gotove stvari
energy use in completed matters

[Wed Dec 17 16:00:54 2003]
utrošak energije održavanja pogona
energy use of the plant maintenance

[Wed Dec 17 16:02:00 2003]
energija potrebna za rekonstrukciju
energy necessary for the reconstruction

[Wed Dec 17 16:07:10 2003]
kumulativna cijena energije
cumulative energy price

[Wed Dec 17 16:20:03 2003]
nepovratno
irretrievably

[Wed Dec 17 16:24:16 2003]
U priloženom primjeru predočena je optimizacija jedne rešetke (za jedan od projekata istraživanja NASA-e), rađen sa COSMOS/M programom, modulom za optimizaciju.
In the enclosed example optimization of one truss is presented (for one of NASA research projects), performed with COSMOS/M program, optimization modulus.

[Wed Dec 17 16:25:07 2003]
Optimizacija jedne metalne rešetke.
Optimizations of one steel truss.

[Wed Dec 17 16:26:37 2003]
Upis podataka za optimizaciju rešetke u ravnini, kao primjera primjene modula za optimizaciju COSMOS/M sustava:
Data input for the optimization of a truss in the plane, as the example of the use of optimization modulus COSMOS/M system:

[Wed Dec 17 16:31:09 2003]
Ispis upisa kreacije modela i naloga optimizacije.
Input printing of models creation and optimization commands.

[Wed Dec 17 16:32:52 2003]
DIZAJN REŠETKE MINIMALNE TEŽINE
DESIGN OF MINIMAL WEIGHT TRUSS

[Wed Dec 17 16:33:38 2003]
Iz "VJESNIKA", 24.
From " VJESNIK ", 24.

[Wed Dec 17 16:34:24 2003]
listopad-a 2001.
October-2001.

[Wed Dec 17 16:40:43 2003]
Rušenje objekata koji ne zadovoljavaju ekonomske kriterije dobiti.
Destruction of objects which does not satisfy economic criteria of profit.

[Wed Dec 17 16:40:43 2003]
Ova petnaesterokatnica Desert Inn-a koja je činila dio povijesti kockarske reputacije Las Vegasa srušena je da bi tu izrastao još veći kockarski hotel Stevea Wynna i njegovih japanskih partnera.
This Dessert Inn fifteen-story building which represented a part of history of Las Vegas gambling reputation was pulled down in order to build there even a larger gambling hotel of Steve Wynna and his Japanese partners.

[Wed Dec 17 16:42:05 2003]
Sustav automatski generira ravninsku rešetku minimalne težine uz dana ograničenja progiba i naprezanja.
System automatically generates the plane truss of a minimal weight with given limitations of deflections and stress.

[Thu Dec 18 10:25:56 2003]
Naivno je misliti da su današnji proizvodi trajni, "besmrtna djela", da naš budući rad predstavlja početak i kraj ljudskog djelovanja (vidjeti sl.
One would be naive to think that today's products are permanent, " immortal creations ", that our work represents the beginning and end of human accomplishments (see fig.

[Thu Dec 18 10:35:55 2003]
te na web-u dostupne slike rušenja WTC tornjeva u New Yorku 2001).
and there are images of the WTC towers collapse in New York 2001 available on the web).

[Thu Dec 18 10:44:12 2003]
Kao da će buduće generacije, kojima su ti proizvodi našeg doba ostavljeni u naslijeđe, biti "neizmjerno sretni" što su naslijedili naša današnja ostvarenja.
As if future generations, who are left with our creations as inheritance, " enormously happy " to have inherited our today's achievements.

[Thu Dec 18 10:44:12 2003]
Dakako, neka će djela ostati kao trajna obilježja našeg doba i djelovanja, ali takvih je ostvarenja zaista malo u šumi osrednjosti.
Of course, some works will remain as permanent symbols of our time and accomplishments, but such achievements really rare in this mediocrity surrounding.

[Thu Dec 18 11:03:08 2003]
Proizvodnja i proizvodi mijenjaju se, a mijenjaju se i potrebe vezane za standard življenja, proizvodne mogućnosti i nove proizvode, pa će tako i niz naših današnjih ostvarenja biti samo na teret budućim generacijama, osim ako to nisu neka značajna umjetnička djela, svjedoci naše današnjice i naše prošlosti.
Production and products are changing, as well as needs related to the living standard, production possibilities and new products, and a series of our today's achievements will only be a burden to future generations, unless they are not considered as some important artworks, witnesses of our present and our past.

[Thu Dec 18 11:03:08 2003]
Osim toga, mnogi materijali koje danas upotrebljavamo nisu trajni, a ponašamo se kao da su ti materijali vječni.
Furthermore, many materials which we use today are not permanent, but we behave as if they are eternal.

[Thu Dec 18 11:11:26 2003]
Navedimo stoga primjere u čemu se sve griješi, bez pretenzija da je ta lista konačna
Here are thus examples of all the mistakes we make, but far from that this is a finite list

[Thu Dec 18 11:22:35 2003]
Ne vodi se briga o ukupno izvedenim masama utrošenog materijala u proizvodima graditeljstva
enough care is not taken about total amount of the used material in building products

[Thu Dec 18 11:33:43 2003]
ˇ Ne vodi se briga o cijenama svih oblika transporta u genezi proizvoda:
ˇ Enough care is not taken about after the prices of all forms of transport in the product genesis:

[Thu Dec 18 11:39:00 2003]
o unutarnjem i vanjskom transportu, prijevozu masa sirovine, gotova proizvoda i radne snage, o prometu robe i proizvoda na velike udaljenosti.
about domestic and foreign transport, transport of raw material masses, final products and work forces, goods traffic and long distances products.

[Thu Dec 18 12:11:16 2003]
Prevoze se npr. teški betonski montažni elementi na neshvatljivo udaljene relacije od tvornice, a zna se da postoji određena ekonomska udaljenost preko koje se ne može isplatiti prijevoz proizvoda.
For example, heavy concrete prefabricated elementsare transported to incomprehensibly remote distances from plants, and one knows that there is a defined economic distance which does not pay off in the product transport.

[Thu Dec 18 12:11:32 2003]
Elementi se proizvode na jednoj, a ugrađuju na drugim lokacijama na koje se prevoze često zamršenim prijevoznim putovima:
Elements are produced in one, and implemented in some other locations to which are often transported in complicated transportation ways:

[Thu Dec 18 12:11:32 2003]
lanac proizvodnja, trgovina, kupac, potrošač.
chain production, commerce, buyer, consumer.

[Thu Dec 18 12:14:40 2003]
Ne vodi se briga o utrošku energije u proizvodnji (inače se, na primjer, ne bi gradili asfaltni, već betonski kolnici cesta i autoputova).
Care is not taken about the energy use in the production (otherwise, for example, concrete and not asphaltic roads and motorways would be built instead).

[Thu Dec 18 12:24:58 2003]
Ne vodi se briga o energiji koja će biti potrebna pri budućim adaptacijama gotovih proizvoda, o energiji potrebnoj za uklanjanje u budućnosti nepotrebnih građevinskih proizvoda, dakle o tome koliko će se utrošiti energije u budućnosti, zatim o potrebnoj energiji za ekstrakciju nekih sirovina iz odbačenih dijelova, o reciklaži materijala razorenih i razrušenih dijelova (na primjer ekstrakcija čelika iz razorenih i odbačenih armiranobetonskih struktura), o urušenjima konstrukcija (akcidentalnim, namjernim ili zbog dotrajalosti), o mogućim urušenjima konstrukcija često mamutskih dimenzija.
One does not take care about the energy which will be necessary in future adaptations of finished products, about the energy necessary for the removal of redundant building products in the future, therefore how much will be spent energy in the future, then about the necessary energy for the extraction of some raw materials from rejected parts, about the recycling of materials of destroyed and ruined parts (for example extraction of steel from destroyed and rejected reinforced concrete structures), about structure collapses (by accidental, intention or because of dilapidation), about possible collapses of enormous structures.

[Thu Dec 18 12:28:27 2003]
Ne vodi se briga o utrošku energije u korištenju proizvoda građevinske industrije:
Care about the energy use when using building industry products is not taken:

[Thu Dec 18 12:28:27 2003]
o izolacijama, gubicima energije zbog loših performansi elemenata i cjeline, lošeg dizajna i loše izvedbe, ili razgradnje u tijeku vremena.
about isolations, energy losses because of bad performances of elements and units, bad design and bad performances, or because of the decomposition in the course of time.

[Thu Dec 18 12:30:05 2003]
Uz to, ne treba zaboraviti da su proizvodi građevinskog konstruktorstva obično UNIKATI.
Furthermore, we must not forget that the building construction products are usually UNIQUE ITEMS.

[Thu Dec 18 12:31:15 2003]
U vezi s tim malo se, gotovo ništa, nije uradilo u primjeni alternativnih izvora energije, npr. solarne, geotermalne ili energije vjetra.
In relation to that a little, almost nothing, has be done in the use of alternative power sources, e.g. solar, geothermal or wind energy.

[Thu Dec 18 12:38:01 2003]
Namjerno rušenje čeličnog mosta raspona 137 metara.
Intentional destruction of a 137-meter-span steel bridge.

[Thu Dec 18 12:39:02 2003]
Rušenje je izvodila kompanija CDI.
The CDI company performed the demolition of the bridge.

[Thu Dec 18 12:39:59 2003]
Glavni raspon mosta preko Mississippija bio je uklonjen za manje od 4 sata.
The main span over the Mississippi was removed in less than 4 hours.

[Thu Dec 18 12:41:37 2003]
Kako ukloniti armiranobetonske mostove koji više ne zadovoljavaju dane performanse budućeg vremena?
How to remove reinforced concrete bridges which no longer satisfy given performances of the future age?

[Thu Dec 18 12:41:37 2003]
U ratnim razaranjima Hrvatske susrećemo se s uklanjanjem takvih urušenih objekata, urušenim mostom Maslenica, urušenim mostom preko Drave u Osijeku i s nizom drugih mostova i objekata (Osijek, Vukovar, Vinkovci, Karlovac, Sisak, Pakrac, Dubrovnik i drugi gradovi) koji su stradali u agresivnom ratu protiv Hrvatske.
In war devastations of Croatia we encounter the removal of such ruined objects, the ruined Maslenica bridge, ruined bridge across the Drava river in Osijek and a series of other bridges and objects (Osijek, Vukovar, Vinkovci, Karlovac, Sisak, Pakrac, Dubrovnik and other towns) which suffered in the aggressive war against Croatia.

[Thu Dec 18 12:43:51 2003]
Alokacija totalnih zahtjeva za energijom za nove građevinske proizvode i konstrukcije unutar direktno naručenih dobara i servisa (USA).
allocation of total energy requirements for new building products and structures within directly ordered goods and services (USA).

[Thu Dec 18 12:44:48 2003]
Sastav utroška energije u novim građevinskim proizvodima
Structure of energy use with new building products

[Thu Dec 18 12:45:07 2003]
direktni utrošak nafte
direct oil consumption

[Thu Dec 18 12:46:08 2003]
asfaltni kolovozi kolnika i pločnika
asphaltic tracks of roads and sidewalks

[Thu Dec 18 12:46:21 2003]
opeka i beton
brick and concrete

[Thu Dec 18 12:47:05 2003]
strukturalni čelik
the structural steel

[Thu Dec 18 12:47:26 2003]
ploče i limovi
boards and sheet metals

[Thu Dec 18 12:47:36 2003]
veleprodaja
wholesale

[Thu Dec 18 12:47:49 2003]
maloprodaja
retail trade

[Thu Dec 18 12:49:30 2003]
sve ostalo za manje od 1% zastupljenosti u utrošku energije
everything else for less than 1% of share in the energy use

[Thu Dec 18 14:17:32 2003]
Alokacija utroška energije u graditeljstvu (konstrukcijski i nekonstrukcijski sektor):
allocation of energy use in the building trade (constructional and unconstructional sector):

[Thu Dec 18 14:17:32 2003]
nova gradnja i održavanje
new building and maintenance

[Thu Dec 18 14:18:12 2003]
sveukupna industrijska potrošnja
entire industrial consumption

[Thu Dec 18 14:18:45 2003]
nekonstruktivne gradnje
unconstructive constructions

[Thu Dec 18 14:19:18 2003]
Individualne stambene zgrade
Separate residential buildings

[Thu Dec 18 14:20:16 2003]
visokogradnja
building construction

[Thu Dec 18 14:21:00 2003]
pregrađivanje
reconstruction

[Thu Dec 18 14:23:47 2003]
autoceste
motorways

[Thu Dec 18 14:58:34 2003]
Ponašamo se kao da nas se ti aspekti dizajna ne tiču, kao da su oni već automatski uključeni negdje drugdje, na primjer u cijenu proizvoda.
We behave as if these aspects of design were not of our concern, as if they were already automatically included somewhere else, for example in a product price.

[Thu Dec 18 15:00:12 2003]
Raskošnost i rasipnost je kad se koristimo i zastarjelim tehničkim postupcima strukturalnih analiza, koje treba nadomjestiti modernim alatima za analize konstrukcija, sa CAD-om, a u izvedbi uvesti CAM postupke.
Luxury and extravagance is when we use also outdated technical procedures of structural analyses, which need to be replaced by modern structure analysis tools, with CAD, and introduce CAM procedures in the operation.

[Thu Dec 18 15:00:32 2003]
Rasipnost je korištenje zastarjelih tehnologija izvođenja, općenito primitivna proizvodnja proizvoda.
Extravagance is the use of outdated operation technologies, which in general is the primitive production of products.

[Thu Dec 18 15:00:32 2003]
Rasipnost je i raskoš neznanja.
Extravagance is also luxury of ignorance.

[Thu Dec 18 15:12:02 2003]
Kad se govori o uštedama energije, o kakvim se mogućim uštedama radi, može se ilustrirati kalkulacijama provedenim u SAD, gdje se zahvaljujući primjenama novih propisa i mjera štednje energije za nove objekte, može uštedjeti i do 20% energije, što prema pokazateljima za 1967.
When we talk about energy savings, possible savings can be illustrated by calculations carried out in the USA where, thanks to the use of new regulations and energy saving measures for new objects, up to 20% of energy can be saved, which according to the indicators from 1967

[Thu Dec 18 15:17:06 2003]
Prikazani su neki dijagrami u kojima se vidi utrošak energije za neke građevinske proizvode, a i raspored utroška energije po granama privrede u USA.
There are illustration of some diagrams in which the energy use for some building products is seen, and also schedule of energy use in industrial branches in the USA.

[Thu Dec 18 15:22:38 2003]
U energetskim analizama moralo bi se i kod nas poći od analize utroška energije za sve proizvode građevinske industrije (općenito svega graditeljstva) i svih materijala od kojih danas gradimo, kao i od analiza racionalnog dizajna svih objekata.
In energy analyses we would have to start from even in Croatia of energy use analysis for all building industry products (generally of the entire building trade) and all materials which are used in building today, as well as from the analyses of rational object designs.

[Thu Dec 18 15:37:43 2003]
Da se i na trivijalnim primjerima može štedjeti, pokazuje se dizajnom najuobičajenijeg strukturalnog elementa - armiranobetonske grede, koja ima svoje dimenzije, armaturu i zadano opterećenje.
That a saving can be made even on trivial examples is shown by the design of the most usual structural element - reinforced concrete beam, which has its dimensions, armature and specified load.

[Thu Dec 18 15:37:43 2003]
Jednostavnim kalkulacijama može se pokazati da dimenzije greda ovise o trenutnim cijenama materijala i radne snage potrebne u proizvodnji te grede.
Simple calculations can show that beam dimensions depend on current product prices of material and work force necessary for the production of that beams.

[Thu Dec 18 16:08:22 2003]
Ako se ograničimo samo na cijene materijala:
If we are restrained only to material prices of:

[Thu Dec 18 16:10:16 2003]
betona, armature i oplate - podrazumijevajući direktnu povezanost cijene jedinica materijala s cijenama utrošenog rada u proizvodnji te jedinice elemenata proizvoda - mogu se primjenom automatskog dizajna, kojem je krucijalni imperativ ukupna minimalna cijena gotovog proizvoda, mijenjanjem jediničnih cijena pojedinih sastavnih komponenti proizvoda dobiti i različite dimenzije grede.
concrete, reinforcement and panel - including a direct connection of material units prices with prices of invested work in the production of that product element unit - even different beam dimensions can be obtained by the use of automatic design, for which totally minimal price of a finished product is a crucial imperative, by changing the unit product price of single constituent components of products.

[Thu Dec 18 16:10:16 2003]
Mijenjanje cijene betona, armature i oplate daje uvijek druge dimenzije grede minimalne cijene, uz uvijek ista ograničenja dizajna.
Changing a price of concrete, reinforcement and panel always makes other beam dimensions of minimal prices, with always the same limitations of design.

[Thu Dec 18 16:14:30 2003]
To znači da optimizacija strukture (koja se sastoji od elemenata) ovisi o vremenu u kojem se nešto počinje graditi i gradi.
This means that structure optimization (which consist of elements) depends on time in which something starts to be built and is built.

[Thu Dec 18 16:18:04 2003]
To se podudara s našim spoznajama iz povijesti građenja, gdje su se izvjesne konstrukcije gradile kad je radna snaga bila jeftina i u izobilju.
This coincides with our understanding of history of building, where some structures were built when the work force was cheap and abundant.

[Thu Dec 18 16:25:38 2003]
U to doba građeni su masivni objekti, a isto tako pri jeftinoj radnoj snazi tesara izvodile su se daščane čavlane konstrukcije.
At that time massive objects were built, and also board nailed structures produced with carpenter's cheap work force.

[Thu Dec 18 16:30:59 2003]
Danas se nosivim konstrukcijama nastoji masa reducirati i to ne zbog same mase materijala, već poradi cijene rada i cijene transporta po jedinici mase robe koju se transportira.
Today, we try to reduce the mass with supporting structures, and not only because of the material mass itself, but because of labor and transport costs per a unit of the goods mass which is transported.

[Thu Dec 18 16:30:59 2003]
Osim toga, nisko plaćeni nekvalificirani rad nastoji se zamijeniti visokokvalificiranim stručnim radom na strojevima i sa strojevima, što vodi do uvođenja robota u industriju i do još većeg tehnološkog jaza između razvijenih (koji imaju i zato mogu) i nerazvijenih (koji nemaju i zato ne mogu).
Furthermore, there are attempts to replace low paid unqualified work with a highly qualified professional work on machines and with engines, which leads to introduction of robots into the industry and to even more larger technological gap between the developed (which have and therefore can) and those less developed (which do not have and therefore cannot).

[Thu Dec 18 16:34:31 2003]
U priloženim slikama daju se algoritmi takvog dimenzioniranja armiranih greda i ploča, pri čemu koristimo tzv.
In inserted figures, algorithms of such of reinforced beams and boards dimensionings are given, wherea so-called is used

[Thu Dec 18 16:39:16 2003]
Dakako da se dijagram toka može primijeniti i na pisanje programa za neko drugo računalo, PC i slično.
Of course, a flow chart can also be applied for writing programs of some other computer, PC and alike.

[Thu Dec 18 16:39:16 2003]
Cijeni elemenata treba dodati i cijenu vanjskog i unutrašnjeg transporta, što ovisi o lokaciji elementa u konstrukciji i udaljenosti objekta od izvorišta materijala, a što nije sasvim trivijalno.
element price need to be also added a price of foreign and domestic transport, which depends on the location of the element in the structure and distances of the object from a material source, which is not completely trivial.

[Thu Dec 18 16:50:56 2003]
Ovdje će se, kao primjer, razmotriti jedan mali program za optimizaciju sustava poduprte grede, koja je uvijek poduprta na krajevima, može biti poduprta i u sredini raspona nosača, ali može biti poduprta i na dva mjesta u trećinama raspona.
We will consider here, as the example, one small program for the system optimization of a supported beam, which is always supported on ends, but might also be supported in the middle of the girder span, and even in two places in thirds of the span.

[Thu Dec 18 16:51:16 2003]
Samim podupiranjem, smanjuje se raspon grede, pa i dimenzije grede, ali se u dizajn unosi nove elemente:
By the shoring itself, the beam span and dimensions get reduced, bu new elements are introduced into the design:

[Thu Dec 18 16:57:17 2003]
drveni stup i betonski temelj stupa.
wooden pillar and concrete foundation of the pillar.

[Thu Dec 18 16:57:17 2003]
Obodni zidovi hale ne uzimaju se u obzir pri proračunu cijene konstrukcije, jer se oni na tim mjestima uvijek nalaze, kao fiksni elementi dizajna, te se stoga kao fiksna cijena pridodaju cijeni optimalnog dizajna konstrukcije.
Boundary walls of a hall are not taken into consideration when calculating structure costs, because they are always located in these places, as fixed design elements, and therefore added as a fixed price to the price of optimal structural design.

[Fri Dec 19 10:35:05 2003]
Za svaki od tih programa korištena je metoda Monte Carlo.
The Monte Carlo method was used for each of these programs.

[Fri Dec 19 10:35:32 2003]
Nepobitno proizlazi da cijena hale ovisi o rasponu, ali i o visini hale, o razmaku vezača i nosivosti tla (o čemu ovisi veličina temeljne stope betona).
As it undeniably results, the hall price depends on the span, but also on the hall height, on the distance of bonder and ground bearing capacity (on which the largeness of the basic feet of concrete depends).

[Fri Dec 19 10:39:56 2003]
Cijene su zadane za lameliranu građu, za piljenu građu i za beton.
prices are set for laminated structure, for sawed timber and for concrete.

[Fri Dec 19 10:41:57 2003]
Zadani su dopušteni naponi za drvo, za tlo i dopušteni progib nosača.
Allowable stresses for wood, ground are set, as well as allowed deflection of girders.

[Fri Dec 19 10:47:24 2003]
Iz rezultata se vidi da cijena ovisi o visini hale, pa nakon izvjesne visine stupa poduprta greda nema nikakvo ekonomsko opravdanje (stup je previtak).
It is clear from the results that the price depends on the hall height, so after a certain pillar height, a supported beam has no economic justification (the pillar is too thin).

[Fri Dec 19 10:47:24 2003]
Naime, za u sredini poduprtu gredu i stup od piljene građe dimenzija a x a, za vitkost:
In other words, for a beam supported in the center and pillar made from sawed timbers of a x a dimension, for the slenderness:

[Fri Dec 19 10:51:40 2003]
gdje su SIJCJDOP dopušteni naprezanje drveta na tlak paralelno s vlaknima, P reakcija grede u polovici raspona, L izvorni raspon hale.
where the SIJCJDOP is allowed the stress of the wood on the pressure parallelly with fibers, P is beam reaction in the span half, L is original hall span.

[Fri Dec 19 11:02:30 2003]
gdje su SIJCJDOP dopušteni naprezanje drveta na tlak paralelno s vlaknima, P reakcija grede u polovici raspona, L izvorni raspon hale.
where the SIJCJDOP is allowed a stress of the wood on the pressure parallelly with fibers, P beam is reaction in the span half, L is original hall span.

[Fri Dec 19 11:23:47 2003]
Naravno, to je samo jedan mali test, realni se problemi mogu riješiti samo kompleksnim programima, koje tek treba napisati, ili se problemi optimizacije mogu riješiti korištenjem sofisticiranih programa za optimizaciju, kao što su COSMOS/M, main-frame verzija ICES STRUDL2 sustav i slični (obično vrlo skupi) programi koji se mogu nabaviti na tržištu meke podrške računalima.
Of course, this is only one small test, but real problems can be solved only with complex programs, which yet need to be written, or optimization problems can be solved by using sophisticated optimization programs, such as COSMOS/M, main-frame version ICES STRUDL2 system and similar (usually very expensive) programs which can be bought in the market software supports for computers.

[Fri Dec 19 11:25:56 2003]
Ponekad se neki od tih problema mogu riješiti olovkom i papirom, bez upotrebe nekih sofisticiranih alata.
Sometimes some of these problems can be solved with a pencil and paper, without using some sophisticated tools.

[Fri Dec 19 11:29:47 2003]
Bitna se ušteda može postići ORGANIZACIJOM poslovanja, BRZINOM izvođenja, organizacijom gradilišta.
An important amount can be achieved with business ORGANIZATION, realization SPEED, organization of a building site.

[Fri Dec 19 11:31:45 2003]
Te uštede mogu biti spektakularne, jer se ubrzanjem građenja oslobađa kapital.
These savings can be impressive, because the capital gets liberated when accelerating the construction.

[Fri Dec 19 11:31:45 2003]
Ponekad je lokacija neke tvornice i postrojenja ključna za dobit i nikakve ju uštede u dizajnu konstrukcije ne mogu "spasiti" neracionalne odluke o njenoj lokaciji.
Sometimes the location of a factory and plant is crucial for the profit, and no savings in the structural design can "save" it from irrational decisions on its location.

[Fri Dec 19 11:59:25 2003]
Kao što će biti opisano kasnije, prošla iskustva iz graditeljske prakse, kao i rezultati primjena ovakvih malih, pa i sofisticiranih programa, mogu se ugraditi u EKSPERTNE SUSTAVE, kako bi se pohranilo prošla znanja i na osnovu tih znanja generirala nova znanja.
As it will be described later, last experiences from the building practice, as well as the results of the use of such small and even sophisticated programs, can be built in EXPERT SYSTEMS, in order to store past knowledge and generate new ones based that knowledge.

[Fri Dec 19 12:02:26 2003]
Optimalni dizajn drvnog II nosača pomoću TI 59 dijagram toka programa.
optimal design of the wooden II girder by using TI 59 flow chart of the program.

[Fri Dec 19 12:03:21 2003]
svi upisi i ispisi
all inputs and outputs

[Fri Dec 19 12:16:19 2003]
zaokruživanje
encircling

[Fri Dec 19 12:24:35 2003]
proračun geometrijske vrijednosti
geometric value calculation

[Fri Dec 19 12:25:44 2003]
proračun geometrijske vrijednosti
geometric value calculation

[Fri Dec 19 12:30:46 2003]
Usporedba sustava za optimizaciju cijene pojedinih varijantnih rješenja u odnosu na originalno prvotno rješenje (A):
Comparisons of optimization system for prices of a single variant solutions as compared to the original primary solution (A):

[Fri Dec 19 12:31:22 2003]
lamelirana drvena greda raspona L
laminated wooden beam of the L span

[Fri Dec 19 12:35:14 2003]
Iz varijante (C) može se izvesti podvarijanata (C.1) s gredom od piljene građe poduprte s dva stupa od piljene građe kojom je greda poduprta unutar raspona.
From the variant (C), we can make a subvariant (C.1) with a sawed timber beam supported with two sawed timber pillars which support the beam inside the span.

[Fri Dec 19 12:38:20 2003]
Međuzavisnost konstrukcijskih dimenzija je očita, kao što je očita ovisnost elemenata o tržišnim cijenama materijala utrošenih u građevni proizvod.
Interdependence of constructional dimensions is obvious, as is the dependence of elements on market prices of material used for a construction product.

[Fri Dec 19 12:38:20 2003]
Cijena rada je uključena u cijenu elemenata.
Price of work is included into the price of elements.

[Fri Dec 19 12:41:15 2003]
Ovaj se zaključak može i dokazati algoritmom Aguilara, kojim se može pokazati da cijena rasponske konstrukcije mora biti približno jednaka cijeni rasponu pripadnog stupa s temeljom.
This conclusion can also be proven by the Aguilar algorithm, which can show that the price a span structure must be approximately equal to the price of the span of a constituent pillar with the foundation.

[Fri Dec 19 12:43:25 2003]
ukupni raspon koji se premošćuje, a sastoji se od n raspona
total span which is crossed, and consists of n span

[Fri Dec 19 12:50:28 2003]
jedinična cijena težine grede (zajedno s ukrutama
unit price beam weight (together with bracings

[Fri Dec 19 12:55:01 2003]
cijena pokrova po tekućem metru grede (uključujući podrožnice), a kod mostova cijena pomosta
price of the covering per a current beam meter (including roof purlines), and price of pavings in bridges

[Fri Dec 19 12:56:16 2003]
cijena obodnog ziđa (ili kod mostova cijena upornjaka), može se izraziti ukupnu cijenu konstrukcije sa
the price of boundary walls (or in bridges product price of abutment), can express a full cost price of a structure with

[Fri Dec 19 12:58:08 2003]
Ilustracija za algoritam optimizacije strukture analitičkim putem.
Illustration for the analytical optimization algorithm of a structure.

[Fri Dec 19 14:18:37 2003]
Ako označimo cijenu rasponske konstrukcije sa Cr, a cijenu pripadnog stupa s temeljem označimo s Cst, onda mora za racionalnu konstrukciju biti ispunjen uvjet da je
If we mark the price of the span structure with Cr, and the price of the associated pillar with the foundation with Cst, then the condition for the rational structure must be satisfied so that

[Fri Dec 19 14:20:03 2003]
tj., da cijena odgovarajućeg raspona treba biti jednaka cijeni pripadnog stupa.
, the price of the matching span must be equal to the price of the associated pillar.

[Fri Dec 19 14:20:43 2003]
Primjena istog algoritma optimizacije na strukturu mosta i na strukturu hale.
Application of the same optimization algorithm on the bridge structure and on the hall structure.

[Fri Dec 19 14:31:19 2003]
Estetski doživljaj:
aesthetic impression:

[Fri Dec 19 14:31:19 2003]
većim rasponima pripadaju i viši stupovi - ima i svojeg opravdanja i korijena u kriterijima novčanih analiza optimizacije cijena koštanja cjelovitog objekta, a ne samo u estetskom doživljavanju vizure mosta u prirodnom okružju.
higher pillars also belong to bigger spans - justification and source for that can be found in criteria of monetary optimization analyses of costs prices of the entire object, and not only in the aesthetic aspect impression of the bridge in its natural setting.

[Fri Dec 19 14:36:33 2003]
Zanimljivo je napomenuti da se rezultati ovog izvoda uglavnom podudaraju s našim estetskim osjećajem za dizajn, koji je naročito, što se tiče rasporeda stupova i raspona u odnosu na okoliš, konfiguraciju terena i uzdužnu dispoziciju, izgrađen u dizajnu mostovnih konstrukcija, gdje se uglavnom pri velikim rasponima koriste i skupi stupovi.
It would be interesting to mention that the results of this statement mainly correspond to our aesthetic impressions for design which is particularly built in the design of bridge structures, where expensive pillars are also mainly used at large spans, concerning the arrangement of pillars and spans in comparison with the environment, field configuration and longitudinal disposition.

[Fri Dec 19 14:42:59 2003]
Ovi se kriteriji sveukupnog optimalnog dizajna mogu protegnuti na globalni dizajn objekata s raznim sadržajima i raznim razinama usluga pojedinih sadržaja, raznim namjenskim površinama, na raznim etažama unutar objekta, uključujući i površine izvan objekta, kako bi se uz optimalno ulaganje i očekivanu rentu moglo unaprijed ocijeniti rentabilnost objekta.
These criteria of the complete optimal design can be extended to the global design of objects with different contents and different levels of services of single contents, different purposeful surfaces, to different floors inside an object, including also surfaces outside of the object, in order to evaluate in advance the profitability of the object beside the optimal investment and predicted annuity.

[Fri Dec 19 14:44:35 2003]
Unutar takvog globalnog dizajna, dizajn konstrukcije je samo jedna od karika dizajna.
Inside such global design, the structure design is only one of the design links.

[Fri Dec 19 14:44:39 2003]
O tome se više može pročitati u mojim skriptama Nosive strukture, Liber, 1977, te knjizi Drveni mostovi, PRETEI, Zagreb, 2001.
You can read more about it in my notes Nosive strukture, Liber, 1977, and the book Drveni mostovi, PRETEI, Zagreb, 2001.

[Fri Dec 19 14:50:04 2003]
Kolić je svojedobno naučio ANN treniranu na primjerima uzdužnih dispozicija mostova, projektirati nove dispozicije.
instructed the ANN trained on the examples of the longitudinal disposition of bridges to design new dispositions.

[Fri Dec 19 14:50:04 2003]
Rad je jako kontraverzan, ali svakako zanimljiv, jer otkriva neke "skrivene" tajne dizajna mostova klasičnih dispozicija.
The work is very controversial, but by all means interesting, because it discovers some " hidden " secrets for designing bridges of classic dispositions.

[Fri Dec 19 15:02:22 2003]
Zapažamo da su alternativna rješenja sustava osnovno realno pitanje koje zadire u bit edukacije građevinskih inženjera pa onda i oportunosti podjele konstruktorske struke na podstruke, odnosno specijalizacije koje se bave samo određenim materijalima.
Notice that alternative solutions of of the system are a basic real question which penetrates into the essence of the education of civil engineers and then opportunenesses divide the construction profession into subprofessions, that is into specializations which deal with only determined materials.

[Fri Dec 19 15:02:59 2003]
Dakle, dio problema edukacije inženjera konstruktora je u departmentizaciji konstruktorske struke po materijalima.
Therefore, a part of the education problem of building engineers is in the departmentalization of the construction profession according to materials.

[Fri Dec 19 15:14:56 2003]
Navedimo samo to da sustavi ICES STRUDL2, MARC, COSMOS/M i sl.
Let's say only that the systems ICES STRUDL2s, MARC, COSMOS/M and similar

[Fri Dec 19 15:18:14 2003]
veliki kompjutorski sustavi za analize strukturalnih sustava sasvim suvereno određuju dimenzije optimalnih čeličnih, metalnih i armiranobetonskih nosača i konstrukcija (istina samo određenih tipova, većinom okvira, rešetki, ali i kompleksnijih struktura).
Let's say only that the systems ICES STRUDL2s, MARC, COSMOS/M and similar big computer systems for structural system analyses completely independently determine dimensions of optimal steel, metal and reinforced concrete girders and structures (but of only determined types, mainly of frameworks, trusses, but of also more complex structures).

[Fri Dec 19 15:23:10 2003]
U kompleksnim strukturama je i međuzavisnost varijabli kompleksnija, funkcija ograničenja je isto kompleksnija pa su moguća i veća iznenađenja.
In complex structures, interdependence of variables is also more complex, limitation function as well, so even bigger surprises are possible.

[Fri Dec 19 15:23:10 2003]
Tu nam pripomoć može biti samo stečeno iskustvo iz prakse ili prošlo heurističko iskustvo koje može biti kao i program optimizacije ugrađeno u ekspertni sustav.
Gained experience from practice or past heuristic experience can only be of help here, which can be installed into the expert system like the optimization program.

[Fri Dec 19 15:40:28 2003]
Danas se u graditeljstvu troši obilato beton, kao navodno, jeftin materijal.
Very big masses of concrete are used today in the building trade as allegedly cheap material.

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