Svi prijevodi dobiveni su uz pomoć NeuroTran-a. Interaktivni mod NeuroTran-a korišten je od strane osobe koja je stručni prevoditelj. Greške koje se neminovno javljaju u NeuroTran prijevodu stručni prevoditelj je automatski ispravljao. Prevođenje uz pomoć NeuroTran-a može uštedjeti više od 85% vremena pri prevođenju tekstova od kratkih do dugih.

Više o NeuroTran® softveru možete doznati na web stranici: http://www.tranexp.hr/NeuroTran.html

NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:

[Mon Nov 24 10:34:38 2003]
This technique should assist us in the better understanding of both the somatic and motor development of the the fetus.
Ova tehnika bi nam trebala pomoći u boljem razumijevanju i somatskog i motoričkog razvoja fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 10:34:38 2003]
(3d azumend)
(3d azumend)

[Mon Nov 24 10:45:29 2003]
Four-dimensional ultrasound has some additional advantages such as the ability to study fetal activity in the surface-rendered mode, and is particularly superior for fast fetal movements 52.
Četverodimenzionalni ultrazvuk ima još neke prednosti, kao što je mogućnost proučavanja aktivnosti fetusa u načinu površinskog prikaza, a osobito je pogodan kod brzih pokreta fetusa 52.

[Mon Nov 24 10:56:57 2003]
With 2D ultrasound, fetal movements such as yawning, swallowing and eyelid movements cannot be displayed simultaneously, whilst, with 4D sonography, the simultaneous facial movements can be clearly depicted 53.
S dvodimenzionalnim ultrazvukom, pokreti fetusa kao što su zijevanje, gutanje i pomicanje očnih kapaka ne mogu se istovremeno prikazati, dok s 4D sonografijom, istovremeni pokreti lica mogu biti jasno prikazani. 53

[Mon Nov 24 10:59:26 2003]
There are several types of jaw movement patterns, such as isolated jaw movement, sucking and swallowing, which can be observed by 2D ultrasound 54 (figure3).
53 Postoji nekoliko tipova obrazaca pokreta čeljusti, kao na primjer izolirani pokreti čeljusti, sisanje i gutanje, koji se mogu promatrati 2D ultrazvukom. 54 (Slika 3).

[Mon Nov 24 11:02:49 2003]
Yawning can be observed as a movement pattern identical to that seen in infants, children and adults:
Zijevanje se može promatrati kao obrazac pokreta istovjetan onome kojeg viđamo kod dojenčadi, djece i odraslih osoba:

[Mon Nov 24 11:05:17 2003]
slow opening, prolonged wide opening of the jaws followed by quick closure, with simultaneous retroflexion of the head.
polagano otvaranje, produljeno široko otvaranje čeljusti nakon čega slijedi brzo zatvaranje, s istovremenom retrofleksijom glave.

[Mon Nov 24 11:07:40 2003]
With 4D ultrasound, it is now feasible to study a full range of facial expressions including smiling, crying, scowling and eyelid movement 53'55 (Figures 4 and 5).
S 4D ultrazvukom, sada je moguće proučavati cijeli niz izraza lica, uključujući smijanje, plakanje, mrštenje i pomicanje očnih kapaka. 53'55 (Slika 4 i 5).

[Mon Nov 24 11:07:52 2003]
The observation of the facial expression may be of scientific and diagnostic value and this scientific approach opens an entirely new field.
Promatranje izraza lica može imati znanstvenu i dijagnostička vrijednost, a ovaj znanstveni pristup otvara jedno sasvim novo područje.

[Mon Nov 24 11:08:05 2003]
There are many unanswered questions.
Postoji mnogo neodgovorenih pitanja.

[Mon Nov 24 11:08:05 2003]
When do facial expressions start?
Kada počinju pokreti lica?

[Mon Nov 24 11:15:54 2003]
VVhich expression dominates and at what gestational age do they occur?
Koji izraz dominira i u kojem razdoblju trudnoće se javljaju?

[Mon Nov 24 11:18:30 2003]
An important diagnostic aim of the observation of facial expression is prenatal diagnosis of facial paresis.
Važan dijagnostički cilj promatranja izraza lica je prenatalna dijagnoza facijalne pareze.

[Mon Nov 24 11:20:05 2003]
The criterion for the diagnosis is asymmetrical facial movement and detection of the movements limited to only one side of the face.
Kriterij za dijagnozu je asimetrično pomicanje lica i otkrivanje pokreta ograničenih na jednu stranu lica.

[Mon Nov 24 11:26:08 2003]
Unfortunately, during the relaxed phase, it is not possible to evaluate the status of the facial nerve.
Nažalost, za vrijeme opuštene faze, nije moguće ocijeniti stanje facijalnog živca.

[Mon Nov 24 11:30:00 2003]
Therefore, during the active phase, the fetus should be scanned by 4D ultrasound.
Stoga, za vrijeme aktivne faze, fetus se treba ispitivati 4D ultrazvukom.

[Mon Nov 24 11:31:13 2003]
Since the origin of the facial expression can be external, the sonographer should be aware of this pitfall.
Od podrijetlo izraza lica može biti eksterno, medicinsko osoblje bi trebalo biti svjesno ove zamke.

[Mon Nov 24 11:32:29 2003]
For example, force of the fetal hand can alter the facial expression on one side of the face, causing asymmetry.
Na primjer, snaga ruke fetusa može promijeniti izraz na jednoj strani lica, uzrokujući asimetriju.

[Mon Nov 24 11:32:29 2003]
This kind of asymmetry, however, should be differentiated from pathological features such as unilateral facial paresis (Figure 6).
Međutim, ova vrsta asimetrije se treba razlikovati od patoloških obilježja kao što je, na primjer, jednostrana facijalna pareza (Slika 6).

[Mon Nov 24 11:41:16 2003]
We believe that the largest challenges for 4D ultrasound are in the unexplored areas of parental and fetal behavior 30-76-37 (Figure 7).
Vjerujemo da najveći izazovi za 4D ultrazvuk leže u neistraženim područjima ponašanja roditelja i fetusa. 30-76-37 (Slika 7).

[Mon Nov 24 11:41:34 2003]
Two-dimensional real-time ultrasound and 4D sonography are complementary methods used for cutaneous fat tissue and muscles, the facial contours could be better assessed by 3D ultrasound.
Dvodimenzionalni ultrazvuk u stvarnom vremenu i 4D sonografija su komplementarne koje se koriste za kožno masno tkivo i mišiće, a obrisi lica se bolje mogu ocijeniti 3D ultrazvukom.

[Mon Nov 24 11:42:22 2003]
The contours ofthe e/elids.
Obrisi očnih kapaka,

[Mon Nov 24 11:50:32 2003]
mouth, nose and the border between them and surrounding structures such as cheeks could be assessed.
Mogu se ocijeniti obrisi očnih kapaka, usta, nosa i granice između njih i okolnih struktura, kao npr. obraza.

[Mon Nov 24 11:52:19 2003]
The fetus seems to be observing the surrounding environment evaluation of fetal movements.
Čini se da fetus promatra okolinu. Ocjena pokreta fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 11:54:40 2003]
It is clear that the quality of each fetal movement can be visualized and evaluated more reliably by 4D ultrasound.
Jasno je da se kakvoća svakog fetalnog pokreta može pouzdanije vizualizirati i ocijeniti 4D ultrazvukom.

[Mon Nov 24 11:56:31 2003]
On the other hand, because of the character of 4D sonography, the displayed sequences are short, making this method inferior to 2D real-time sonography in the quantification of each type of movement.
S druge strane, zbog naravi 4D sonografije, prikazane slike su kratke, čineći ovu metodu slabijom od 2D sonografije u stvarnom vremenu, što se tiče kvantifikacije svake vrste kretanja.

[Mon Nov 24 11:56:31 2003]
It has to be confessed that, for quantification studies, 2D real-time sonography still remains the gold standard.
Mora se priznati da, u pogledu kvantifikacijskog proučavanja, 2D sonografija u stvarnom vremenu još uvijek ostaje zlatni standard.

[Mon Nov 24 12:05:39 2003]
Although most of the published work shows the various advantages of 3D and 4D ultrasound over the conventional 2D ultrasound, these favorable opinions might, at least in part, be justified by the enthusiasm aroused by the achievement of spectacular images.
Iako većina objavljenih radova ukazuje na različite prednosti 3D i 4D ultrazvuka u odnosu na konvencionalni 2D ultrazvuk, ova pozitivna stajališta bi mogla, barem djelomično, biti opravdana entuzijazmom koji je potaknut dobivanjem spektakularnih slika.

[Mon Nov 24 12:11:48 2003]
However, some authors are now starting to publish studies where no utility or real benefit has been proved with the use of this novel diagnostic technology.
Međutim, neki autori počinju objavljivati studije u kojima se ne dokazuje nikakva korist ili stvarna prednost korištenja ove nove dijagnostičke tehnologije.

[Mon Nov 24 12:12:09 2003]
It appears that there are still not enough prospective studies that may clarify or prove real benefits of 3D ultrasound in daily practice and there is an urgent need for randomized control studies42.
Čini se da još nema nedovoljno potencijalnih studija koje bi mogle razjasniti ili dokazati stvarne koristi 3D ultrazvuka u svakodnevnoj praksi i hitno su potrebne nesistematske kontrolne studije. 42.

[Mon Nov 24 12:12:09 2003]
This is now work in progress in our Departments
Na tome se trenutno radi u našim Odjelima

[Mon Nov 24 12:21:02 2003]
Fetal behavior can be defined as fetal activities observed or recorded with ultrasonographic equipment.
Ponašanje fetusa se može definirati kao aktivnosti fetusa promatrane ili zabilježene ultrasonografskom opremom.

[Mon Nov 24 12:21:02 2003]
As it is not yet possible to assess functional development of the CNS direcily, investigators started to analyze fetal behavior as a measure of neurological maturation.
Kako još uvijek moguće izravno ocijeniti funkcionalni razvoj središnjeg živčanog sustava, proučavatelji su počeli analizirati ponašanje fetusa kao mjerilo neurološkog sazrijevanja.

[Mon Nov 24 12:26:52 2003]
A turning point in the assessment of fetal behavior was the introduction of real-time ultrasound.
Prekretnica u ocjeni ponašanja fetusa je bilo uvođenje ultrazvuka u stvarnom vremenu.

[Mon Nov 24 12:29:29 2003]
This technique allowed the investigation of spontaneous fetal motor activity in utero.
Ova tehnika je omogućila ispitivanje spontane motoričke aktivnosti fetusa in utero.

[Mon Nov 24 12:32:33 2003]
For the first lirne, studies of spontaneous prenatal movements and behavior in utero were performed and published.
Po prvi puta su se provela i objavila istraživanja spontanih prenatalnih pokreta i ponašanja in utero.

[Mon Nov 24 12:33:48 2003]
Since fetal body movements give important information about the condition of the fetus, their quandtative as well as qualitative aspects were analyzed.
Budući da tjelesni pokreti fetusa pružaju važne informacije o njegovom stanju, analizirani su njihovi kvantitativni kao i kvalitativni aspekti.

[Mon Nov 24 12:40:08 2003]
In a pioneering paper, de Vries and colleagues described the developmental pathway of fetal movements in a longitudinal study of 12 healthy nulliparous women.
U pionirskom djelu, de Vries i suradnici su opisali razvojni put fetalnih pokreta u longitudinalnom proučavanju 12 zdravih žena koje prije nisu rađale.

[Mon Nov 24 12:40:08 2003]
They reported not only how to describe a particular movemenl, but also how these movements were performed in terms of speed and amplitude
Izvijestili su ne samo kako opisati pojedini pokret, nego i kako su se ovi pokreti odvijali u smislu brzine i raspona

[Mon Nov 24 12:57:43 2003]
Four-dimensional sonography incorporates spatial imaging capabilities and therefore should be superior lo two-dimensional sonography for thc assessmcnt of fetal movements.
Četverodimenzionalna sonografija uključuje mogućnost prostornih prikaza i stoga bi trebala imati prednost nad dvodimenzionalnom sonografijom u ocjenjivanju pokreta fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 13:00:04 2003]
Using this imaging system we can perform dynamic three-dimensional observations of fetal movements in utero.
Pomoću ovog sustava prikazivanja možemo provesti dinamična trodimenzionalna promatranja pokreta fetusa in utero.

[Mon Nov 24 13:01:19 2003]
Four-dimensional ultrasound is suitable or the observation of the fetus or its superficial structures, along with dynamic changes of the fetal face, limbs, head, fingers and toes.
Četverodimenzionalni ultrazvuk je pogodan za promatranje fetusa ili njegove površinske strukture, zajedno s dinamičkim promjenama lica, udova, glave i prstiju fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 14:13:26 2003]
On the other hand, four-dimensional ultrasound can provide no new information about the static surface structures, such as the fetal ears.
S druge strane, četverodimenzionalni ultrazvuk može pružiti nove informacije o statičkim površinskim strukturama, kao što su, na primjer, uši fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 14:13:26 2003]
In this situation three-dimensional ultrasound remains the method of choice
U toj situaciji trodimenzionalni ultrazvuk ostaje preferirana metoda

[Mon Nov 24 14:19:55 2003]
Qualitative and quantitative approaches have been used in the study of fetal movement by de Vries and colleagues in the Netherlands.
De Vries i suradnici u Nizozemskoj su upotrijebili kvalitativne i kvantitativne pristupe u proučavanju pokreta fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 14:21:29 2003]
Using ultrasound imaging, de Vries et al12 focused on the first half of pregnancy.
Koristeći ultrazvučni prikaz, de Vries i ostali su se usredotočili na prvu polovicu trudnoće.

[Mon Nov 24 14:23:28 2003]
Roodenburg and colleagues13 investigated the second half of pregnancy.
Roodenburg i suradnici su ispitivali drugu polovicu trudnoće.

[Mon Nov 24 14:28:20 2003]
Based on their observation of apparently typical spontaneous human movements, de Vries et al14 recorded variations in "general movements" that they believed suggested abnormalities of the central nervous system.
Na temelju opažanja naizgled tipičnih spontanih ljudskih pokreta, de Vries i ostali su zabilježili varijacije u "općenitim pokretima" za koje su vjerovali da sugeriraju abnormalnosti središnjeg živčanog sustava.

[Mon Nov 24 14:28:54 2003]
Following their lead, other researchers have selected, as a dependent variable, general movements or "gross movements involving the whole body.
Nakon njih, drugi istraživači su odabrali, kao zavisnu varijablu, općenite pokrete ili krupne pokrete koji uključuju cijelo tijelo.

[Mon Nov 24 14:28:55 2003]
They may last from a few seconds to a minute
Oni mogu trajati od nekoliko sekundi do jedne minute

[Mon Nov 24 14:33:50 2003]
They wax and wane in intensity, force, and speed, and their onset and end are gradual.
Oni rastu u padaju u intenzitetu, snazi i brzini, a njihov početak i kraj su postepeni.

[Mon Nov 24 14:39:14 2003]
...The movement is fluent and elegant and creates the impression of complexity and variability."
Pokret je tečan i elegantan i stvara dojam složenosti i varijabilnosti.

[Mon Nov 24 14:40:32 2003]
The lack of definition specificity and long-term follow-up and of detailed methods and the reliability of descriptions have limited the usefulness of some of these studies.
Nedostatak specifičnosti definicija i dugoročnog nastavka rada kao i podrobnih metoda i pouzdanosti opisa je ograničio upotrebljivost nekih od ovih studija.

[Mon Nov 24 14:44:49 2003]
In only 2 studies--one on the development of head position and one on handedness -- was fetal behavior described.
U samo dvije studije -- jednoj o razvoju položaja glave i jednoj o korištenju ruke - je bilo opisano ponašanje fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 14:45:52 2003]
Recently, the descriptor of "general movements" has been applied to the movement of preterm newborns.
U posljednje vrijeme, termin "općeniti pokreti" se odnosi na pokrete nedonoščadi.

[Mon Nov 24 14:45:52 2003]
The description of newborn movement is becoming more detailed with research
Opis pokreta novorođenčadi s istraživanjem postaje sve iscrpniji

[Mon Nov 24 14:56:40 2003]
Other developmental tendencies in hand movement were noted in early observations and are summarized in Table 1 .
Ostale razvojne sklonosti u pokretima ruke su zabilježene u ranijim promatranjima i ukratko su prikazane u Tablici 1.

[Mon Nov 24 15:00:06 2003]
In that study, movements such as thumb in mouth and bilateral leg extension against the uterine wall were considered by the authors as functionally important.
U toj studiji, autori su smatrali da su pokreti poput stavljanja palca u usta i dvostranog protezanja noge prema stijenci maternice funkcionalno važni.

[Mon Nov 24 15:06:56 2003]
The frequently observed leg extension against the uterine wall was believed by the authors to be a possible precursor to later participation in the birthing process.
Vjerovali su da je često puta primijećeno protezanje noge prema stijenci maternice mogući nagovještaj kasnijeg sudjelovanja u procesu rađanja.

[Mon Nov 24 15:08:30 2003]
Validation of the importance of this movement has been noted in a similar movement of the chick readying itself for hatching.
Potvrda važnosti ovog pokreta je zabilježena u sličnom pokretu pileta koje se priprema za izlijeganje.

[Mon Nov 24 15:10:17 2003]
Early movements of the arms appear to assist the fetus in identifying components of its environment.
Čini se da rani pokreti ruke pomažu fetusu u identificiranju dijelova njegove okoline.

[Mon Nov 24 15:19:19 2003]
The hands can be observed to cross midline, with the palms "feeling" the uterine wall.
Može se uočiti da ruke prelaze medijalnu liniju, a dlanovi "pipaju" stijenku maternice.

[Mon Nov 24 15:22:09 2003]
The fetus' palms also mold to the occiput, grasp the umbilical cord, and appear to "reach" for the feet.
Dlanovi fetusa također prianjaju uz zatiljak, hvataju pupčanu vrpcu i čini se kao da pokušavaju "dosegnuti" stopalo.

[Mon Nov 24 15:22:09 2003]
Attributing function to any of these early movements, however, does not imply that the assigned function is preliminary to or necessary for the appearance of a spontaneous behavior
Međutim, pripisivanje funkcije bilo kojem od ovih ranih pokreta ne implicira da je dodijeljena funkcija preliminarna ili nužna za pojavu spontanog ponašanja

[Mon Nov 24 15:30:11 2003]
Sparling and Wilhelm described spontaneous movements in fetuses from 12 to 35 weeks of gestation and recorded the characteristics of hand movement.
Sparling i Wilhelm su opisali spontane pokrete u fetusa od 12-og do 35-og tjedna trudnoće i zabilježili su karakteristike pokreta ruke.

[Mon Nov 24 15:31:39 2003]
Many movements appeared to be directed to a body part or the uterine wall.
Mnogi pokreti su djelovali kao da su usmjereni prema nekom dijelu tijela ili stijenci maternice.

[Mon Nov 24 15:36:20 2003]
The hands of the fetuses moved with a variety of frequencies and apparent force.
Ruke fetusa su se pomicale s različitom učestalošću i prividnom snagom.

[Mon Nov 24 15:38:58 2003]
Joint ranges of motion changed throughout movements rather than remaining the same, as in floating.
Udruženi nizovi pokreta su se mijenjali kroz kretanje, a nisu ostajali isti, kao u plutanju.

[Mon Nov 24 15:44:59 2003]
These movements suggested primary and secondary circular reactions in which a movement is repeated, presumably because it has functional importance to the organism.
Ovi pokreti su sugerirali glavne i sekundarne kružne reakcije u kojima se kretnja ponavlja, vjerojatno zato što ima funkcionalnu važnost za organizam.

[Mon Nov 24 15:50:04 2003]
Sparling and Wilhelm observed, for example, that early in fetal development, quick, progressively larger head flexion movements were repeated, resulting in a "somersault" that enabled the fetus to change position within the uterine cavity.
Sparling i Wilhelm su uočili, na primjer, da su se rano u fetalnom razvoju ponavljali brzi, progresivno jači pokreti sagibanja glave, što je rezultiralo "kolutom" koji je omogućio da fetus promijeni položaj unutar maternične šupljine.

[Mon Nov 24 16:03:40 2003]
In contrast, during later gestational periods, the fetuses' hands were directed to and manipulated body parts and features of the environment, such as the umbilical cord.
Suprotno tome, tijekom kasnijih razdoblja trudnoće, ruke fetusa su bile usmjerene i dodirivale su dijelove tijela i okoline, kao na primjer pupčanu vrpcu.

[Mon Nov 24 16:03:41 2003]
Thus, later in pregnancy, the hands exhibited manipulative capability and suggested "intentionality," a term coined by Butterworth and Hopkins to describe neonatal hand-to-mouth movement
Tako su, kasnije u trudnoći, ruke pokazale manipulativnu sposobnost i sugerirale su "intencionalnost", termin koji su skovali Butterworth i Hopkins da bi opisali neonatalni pokret stavljanja ruke u usta

[Mon Nov 24 16:15:47 2003]
Fetal movement has a wide range of expression.
Kretanje fetusa ima širok raspon izraza.

[Mon Nov 24 16:21:51 2003]
Although some low-risk fetuses appear to have a unique style of movement that is consistent over the gestational period, other low-risk fetuses have fairly wide fluctuations in duration and frequency of movement.
Iako se čini da neki fetusi niskog rizika imaju jedinstven stil pokreta koji je dosljedan tijekom čitavog razdoblja trudnoće, drugi fetusi niskog rizika imaju prilično velike fluktuacije u trajanju i učestalosti pokreta.

[Mon Nov 24 16:22:43 2003]
Studying the vagaries of movement of low-risk fetuses may provide a clue to understanding the motor behavior of fetuses with impairment.
Proučavanje nepredvidljivosti pokreta fetusa s niskim rizikom bi moglo pružiti ključ za razumijevanje motoričkog ponašanja fetusa s oštećenjem.

[Mon Nov 24 16:22:43 2003]
Such studies are needed before movements can be seen as deviations from the norm and can be used for diagnostic purposes
Takve studije su potrebne prije nego što se pokreti mogu vidjeti kao devijacije od norme, i mogu se koristiti u dijagnostičke svrhe

[Mon Nov 24 16:32:53 2003]
Despite improvements in the frame-rate and image resolution, which increase the potential of real-time sonography, there are still limitations to the assessment of fetal behavior.
Unatoč poboljšanjima u broju slika u sekundi i rezoluciji slike, koja povećavaju potencijal sonografije u stvarnom vremenu, još uvijek postoje ograničenja o ocjeni fetalnog ponašanja.

[Mon Nov 24 16:35:22 2003]
Studies were limited to the movements of major structures such as hands, legs, head and body.
Studije su bile ograničene na pokrete većih struktura, kao što su ruke, noge, glava i tijelo.

[Mon Nov 24 16:38:26 2003]
The findings on the movements of small structures, such as eyelids and fingers, were unreliable, owing to inadequate visualization, and therefore scientifically unacceptable.
Otkrića o pokretima manjih struktura, kao što su kapci i prsti, bila su nepouzdana, zbog nezadovoljavajuće vizualizacije, i stoga znanstveno neprihvatljiva.

[Mon Nov 24 16:38:26 2003]
The co-ordination of movements between major structures such as legs or arms were described, but the co-ordination of eyelid closing and yawning, or finger movement was difficult or almost impossible to visualize whh conventional sonography
Opisana je koordinacija pokreta između većih struktura, kao što su noge ili ruke, ali koordinaciju zatvaranja očnih kapaka i zijevanja, ili pokreta prstiju je bilo teško ili gotovo nemoguće vizualizirati uz pomoć konvencionalne sonografije

[Mon Nov 24 16:48:15 2003]
Better resolution of modern real-time two-dimensional sonographic equipment has allowed the study of the fetal movements in the first half of gestation 10,11.
Bolja rezolucija suvremene opreme za dvodimenzionalnu sonografiju u stvarnom vremenu omogućila je proučavanje pokreta fetusa u prvoj polovici trudnoće. 10,11.

[Mon Nov 24 16:50:27 2003]
However, the sonographic scan plane includes the view of less and less of the fetal parts as the pregnancy advances.
Međutim, kako trudnoća napreduje sonografsko ispitivanje obuhvaća pogled na sve manje i manje dijelova fetusa.

[Mon Nov 24 16:50:49 2003]
The possibility of visualizing the cntire fetus on a single screen depends on the gestational age.During the first 17 weeks of gestation the entire fetus can be visualize.
Mogućnost predočavanja čitavog fetusa na jednom ekranu ovisi o razdoblju trudnoće. Za vrijeme prvih 17 tjedana trudnoće može se prikazati čitavi fetus.

[Mon Nov 24 17:06:34 2003]
Later, this is possible only with certain parts of the fetal body.
Kasnije, to je moguće samo s nekim dijelovima tijela fetus.

[Mon Nov 24 17:15:46 2003]
Real-time two-dimensional sonography is characterized by a narrow insonation beam and tomographic imaging.
Dvodimenzionalnu sonografiju u stvarnom vremenu karakteriziraju uska zraka insonacije i tomografski prikaz.

[Mon Nov 24 17:20:29 2003]
Movements can be evaluated to a limited extent because structures outside the scanning plane cannot be displayed on the monitor's screen.
Pokreti se mogu ocjenjivati u ograničenoj mjeri jer se strukture izvan područja pregledavanja ne mogu prikazati na ekranu.

[Mon Nov 24 17:22:25 2003]
Two-dimensional observation of movements is restricted to the depiction of large movements or complex movements of the entire body.
Dvodimenzionalno promatranje pokreta je ograničeno na prikazivanje većih pokreta ili složenih pokreta cijelog tijela.

[Mon Nov 24 17:22:25 2003]
Since the entire fetus cannot be disptayed on a single screen, the simulcaneous movements of extremities and their coordination cannot be recognized
Budući da se cijeli fetus ne može prikazati na jednom ekranu, ne mogu se uočiti istovremeni pokreti ekstremiteta i njihova koordinacija

[Mon Nov 24 17:31:30 2003]
Despite the fact that three-dimensional sonography provides spatial reconstruction with plastic imaging of all four extremities, it freezes an object and is not informative about the dynamic changes of the extremities.
Unatoč činjenici da trodimenzionalna sonografija pruža prostornu rekonstrukciju s plastičnim prikazom sva četiri ekstremiteta, ona "smrzava" objekt i ne daje informacije o dinamičkim promjenama ekstremiteta.

[Mon Nov 24 17:33:43 2003]
Moreover, fetal movements are related to significant artifacts.
Osim toga, pokreti fetusa su vezani uz značajne artefakte.

[Mon Nov 24 17:33:43 2003]
However, with recent four-dimensional ultrasound technology, fetal movements have become amenable to observation
Međutim, s najnovijom tehnologijom četverodimenzionalnog ultrazvuka, pokreti fetusa su postali pristupačni za opažanje

[Tue Nov 25 09:28:35 2003]
Isolated random-appearing movement of extremities
Izoliran nasumično-čineći se kretanje ekstremnosti

[Tue Nov 25 09:33:07 2003]
All movement patterns present;
Prisutni svi obrasci pokreta;

[Tue Nov 25 09:33:43 2003]
an increased frequency of movement that is more 'organized' in appearance compared with movement at 12 weeks;
povećana učestalost pokreta koji djeluju 'organiziraniji' u usporedbi s pokretima u 12-om tjednu;

[Tue Nov 25 09:34:33 2003]
arms appear to 'explore' while legs extend against uterine wall;
ruke kao da 'istražuju', dok se noge pružaju prema stijenci maternice;

[Tue Nov 25 09:34:33 2003]
arm crosses midline, extending palmar surface to opposite uterine wall
ruka prelazi medijalnu liniju, pružajući površinu dlana prema suprotnoj stijenci maternice

[Tue Nov 25 09:40:21 2003]
Decreased frequency of movement from 14 weeks, with pincer grasp, thumb in mouth
Manja učestalost pokreta nego u 14-om tjednu, hvatanje prstima, stavljanje palca u usta

[Tue Nov 25 09:42:13 2003]
More bilateral movement (eg, legs extend together against uterine wall, arms flex, and hands are often held together near the face)
noge se zajedno pružaju prema stijenci maternice, ruke se savijaju i često su sklopljene zajedno blizu lica)

[Tue Nov 25 09:50:52 2003]
Independent movement of extremities to all parts of the uterus and specific body parts;
Samostalni pokreti ekstremiteta prema svim dijelovima maternice i određenim dijelovima tijela;

[Tue Nov 25 09:50:52 2003]
no cephalocaudal development, but apparent distal proximal development in extremities
nema kefalokaudalnog razvoja, ali očit je distalan proksimalan razvoj ekstremiteta

[Tue Nov 25 09:56:50 2003]
Decreased frequency of movement;
Smanjena učestalost pokreta;

[Tue Nov 25 09:56:50 2003]
hands often molded to occiput, or dorsum of hand rests against uterine wall
ruke često prianjaju uz zatiljak, ili se nadlanica naslanja na stijenku maternice

[Tue Nov 25 10:53:59 2003]
Therefore, four-dimensional ultrasound with comprehensive evaluation of fetal movement patterns might offer a new possibility for predicting the development of this condition in high-risk pregnancies
Stoga bi četverodimenzionalni ultrazvuk sa sveobuhvatnom procjenom obrazaca pokreta fetusa mogao pružiti novu mogućnost za predviđanje razvoja ovog poremećaja kod visokorizičnih trudnoća

[Tue Nov 25 11:01:23 2003]
The quantity of arm movements increases up to 14 weeks.
Količina pokreta ruke raste do 14. tjedna.

[Tue Nov 25 11:01:24 2003]
The apparent goal orientation to a body part or the uterine wall occurs between 14 and 16 weeks.
Prividna orijentacija prema nekom dijelu tijela ili stijenci maternice se pojavljuje između 14. i 16. tjedna.

[Tue Nov 25 11:04:15 2003]
Further maturation of arm movement patterns starts after the diminution of the quantity of arm movements at 16 weeks, and a more specific movement pattern occurs, such as pincer grasp or the thumb in the mouth.
Dalji razvoj obrazaca pokreta ruke počinje nakon smanjivanja količine pokreta ruke u 16. tjednu, i pojavljuju se precizniji obrasci kretanja, kao što su hvatanje prstima ili stavljanje palca u usta.

[Tue Nov 25 11:06:29 2003]
This correlates with preprogrammed neuronal cell death.
Ovo je u vezi s pretprogramiranim odumiranjem neuronskih stanica.

[Tue Nov 25 11:13:36 2003]
Recently, Kuno and co-workers evaluated fetal behavioral patterns in the early second trimester in 11 healthy pregnant women at 14-18 weeks of gestation by four-dimensional ultrasound.
Nedavno su Kuno i suradnici četverdimenzionalnim ultrazvukom ocjenjivali uzorke ponašanje fetusa, na početku drugog trimestra, kod 11 zdravih trudnica u 14. do 18. tjednu trudnoće.

[Tue Nov 25 11:16:59 2003]
Fetal movements were monitored for 60 min in each padent.
Pokreti fetusa su se pratili 60 minuta kod svake pacijentice.

[Tue Nov 25 11:20:58 2003]
These movements were evaluated as follows:
Ti pokreti su bili ocijenjeni kako slijedi:

[Tue Nov 25 11:22:18 2003]
head (retroflexion, rotation and anteflexion), mouth (jaw opening and yawning), arm (flexion and extension), trunk (stretching and bending or flexion and extension) and leg (flexion and extension).
glava (retrofleksija, rotacija i antefleksija), usta (otvaranje čeljusti i zijevanje), ruka (savijanje i protezanje), trup (rastezanje i savijanje ili sagibanje i protezanje) i noga (savijanje i protezanje).

[Tue Nov 25 11:24:36 2003]
The most active fetal behavioral pattern was arm movement in each fetus, whereas the least active was mouth movement.
Najaktivniji uzorak ponašanja fetusa je bio pokret ruke, kod svakog fetusa, dok je najmanje aktivno bilo pokretanje usta.

[Tue Nov 25 11:26:15 2003]
Each fetal movement was synchronized and harmonized with other fetal movements during this period of pregnancy.
Svaki pokret fetusa je bio sinhroniziran i usklađen s drugim pokretima fetusa tijekom ovog razdoblja trudnoće.

[Tue Nov 25 11:26:15 2003]
The ability to observe a simultaneous generation of new movements pattern is the most prominent advantage of four-dimensional sonography
Mogućnost da se promatra simultano stvaranje novih obrazaca pokreta je najvažnija prednost četverodimenzionalne sonografije

[Tue Nov 25 11:32:24 2003]
A Japanese group used dynamic three-dimensional ultrasound to measure the exact duration of arm movements in a 60-min interval.
Jedna skupina iz Japana je koristila dinamički trodimenzionalni ultrazvuk za mjerenje točnog trajanja pokreta ruke u 60-minutnom intervalu.

[Tue Nov 25 11:34:45 2003]
They found that the fetal arm was active for 1484 ą 493 s and the leg for 1000 ą 368 s.
Otkrili su da je ruka fetusa bila aktivna 1484 ą 493 sekundi, a noga 1000 ą 368 sekundi.

[Tue Nov 25 11:37:12 2003]
The quantity of arm movements increase up to 14 weeks.
Količina pokreta ruke se povećava do 14. tjedna.

[Tue Nov 25 11:39:47 2003]
De Vries and colleagues (11) evaluated the incidence of isolated arm movements (IAM) and isolated leg movements (ILG) in 12 fetuses at 8-19 weeks by two-dimensional real-time sonography.
De Vries i suradnici (11) su ispitivali pojavljivanje izoliranih pokreta ruke i izoliranih pokreta noge kod 12 fetusa, u razdoblju od 8. do 19. tjedna trudnoće, uz pomoć dvodimenzionalne sonografije u stvarnom vremenu.

[Tue Nov 25 11:41:19 2003]
They found that incidence of IAM increased gradually from 8 to 19 weeks, whereas the incidence of ILM showed no changes.
Otkrili su da se učestalost izoliranih pokreta ruke postupno povećava između 8. i 19. tjedna, dok u pojavljivanju izoliranih pokreta noge nije bilo nikakvih promjena.

[Tue Nov 25 11:45:34 2003]
Therefore, similar developmental trends were found by two different techniques.
Dakle, uz pomoć dvije različite tehnike otkrivene su slične razvojne tendencije.

[Tue Nov 25 11:45:34 2003]
The mean incidence with fetal movements was 59.4% between 14 and 18 weeks with four-dimensional ultrasound, whereas the median incidence of movements was 17-18% at 10-12 weeks.
4% između 14. i 18. tjedna, s četverodimenzionalnim ultrazvukom, dok je prosječno pojavljivanje pokreta bilo 17-18% između 10. i 12. tjedna.

[Tue Nov 25 11:55:04 2003]
The fetal fist demonstrates that most subtle motor co-ordination in the human body, and was not accessible for serious prenatal observation before the introduction of for-dimensional sonography.
Šaka fetusa pokazuje najistančaniju motoričku koordinaciju u ljudskom tijelu, a prije uvođenja četverodimenzionalne sonografije nije bila dostupna za ozbiljno prenatalno promatranje.

[Tue Nov 25 11:59:05 2003]
Despite that, real-time two-dimensional ultrasound offers non-invasive observation of finger movements, but owing to the nature of two-dimensional imaging, the spatial relation between the fingers was difficult to assess.
Usprkos tome, dvodimenzionalni ultrazvuk u stvarnom vremenu omogućuje neinvazivno promatranje pokreta prstiju, ali zbog prirode dvodimenzionalnog prikaza, bilo je teško ocijeniti prostorni odnos među prstima.

[Tue Nov 25 11:59:05 2003]
For instance, overlapping fingers were very difficult to diagnose and the observation of finger movements was almost impossible
Na primjer, bilo je jako teško dijagnosticirati preklapanje prstiju, a promatranje pokreta prstiju je bilo gotovo nemoguće

[Tue Nov 25 12:06:23 2003]
Three-dimensional sonography facilitates the visualization of the spatial relationship between the fingers and the pincer grasp, enabling overlapping fingers to be recognized without difficulty.
Trodimenzionalna sonografija omogućava vizualizaciju prostornog odnosa između prstiju i vizualizaciju hvatanja prstima, te omogućuje da se bez problema uoče preklapajući prsti.

[Tue Nov 25 12:08:32 2003]
However, it offers no information about the act of the pincer grasp.
Međutim, ne daje nikakve informacije o postupku hvatanja prstima.

[Tue Nov 25 12:08:32 2003]
Four-dimensional sonography integrates the spatial reconstruction of the fetal fingers, and the whole movement of the fist can be visualized
Četverodimenzionalna sonografija integrira prostornu rekonstrukciju prstiju fetusa, i može se prikazati čitav pokret šake

[Tue Nov 25 12:15:06 2003]
Because of its curvature and small anatomical details, the fetal face can be visualized and analyzed to a limited extent with two dimensional sonography.
Zbog svoje zaobljenosti i sitnih anatomskih detalja, lice fetusa se dvodimenzionalnom sonografijom može prikazati i analizirati u ograničenoj mjeri.

[Tue Nov 25 12:20:41 2003]
The entire face cannot be visualized on a single image.
Čitavo lice se ne može biti vizualizirati na jednoj slici.

[Tue Nov 25 12:21:45 2003]
Fetal movements such as yawning or swallowing and eyelid movements cannot be displayed simultaneously.
Pokreti fetusa kao što su zijevanje ili gutanje i pomicanje očnih kapaka se ne mogu prikazati istovremeno.

[Tue Nov 25 12:26:08 2003]
Three-dimensional sonography provides spatial reconstruction of the fetal face and simultaneous visualization of' all facial structures.
Trodimenzionalna sonografija omogućava prostornu rekonstrukciju lica fetusa i istovremenu vizualizaciju svih struktura lica.

[Tue Nov 25 12:27:32 2003]
Because of the character of three-dimensional sonography, fetal facial expression can be observe to a limited extent.
Zbog prirode trodimenzionalne sonografije, izrazi lica fetusa se mogu promatrati u ograničenoj mjeri.

[Tue Nov 25 12:27:32 2003]
After the introduction of four-dimensional sonography, the simultaneous facial movements could be clearly depicted.
Nakon uvođenja četverodimenzionalne sonografije, istovremeni pokreti lica su se mogli jasno prikazati.

[Tue Nov 25 12:37:55 2003]
The Zagreb group attempted to evaluate the advantages of four-dimensional in assessment of fetal behavior in IUGR.
Zagrebačka grupa je pokušala ocijeniti prednosti četverodimenzionalnog ultrazvuka u ispitivanju ponašanja fetusa kod intrauterinog zaostajanja u razvoju.

[Tue Nov 25 12:40:44 2003]
The observed body movements consisted of changing of the position of the head towards the body.
Uočeni pokreti tijela su se sastojali od mijenjanja položaja glave prema tijelu.

[Tue Nov 25 12:42:26 2003]
With four-dimensional transvaginal sonography we found body movements at 7 weeks of pregnancy (Table 3).
S četverodimenzionalnom transvaginalnom sonografijom otkrili smo pokrete tijela u 7. tjednu trudnoće (Tablica 3).

[Tue Nov 25 12:43:29 2003]
Therefore, this technology enables the visualization of the moving phenomenon 1 week earlier than two-dimensional ultrasound.
Dakle, ova tehnologija omogućava vizualizaciju fenomena kretanja jedan tjedan prije dvodimenzionalnog ultrazvuka.

[Tue Nov 25 12:43:29 2003]
At 7 weeks of gestation the dominant embryonic feature is the head, which is strongly flexed anteriorly
tjednu trudnoće dominantno embrionalno obilježje je glava, koja je jako savijena prema naprijed

[Tue Nov 25 12:46:53 2003]
Upper and lower limb buds are visible on the lateral aspects of the embryo.
Zameci gornjih i donjih ekstremiteta su vidljivi na bočnim stranama embrija.

[Tue Nov 25 12:47:53 2003]
However, embryonic movements are not frequent and consist mainly of moving of the head towards the rest of the body.
Međutim, pokreti embrija nisu česti i uglavnom se sastoje od pomicanja glave prema ostatku tijela.

[Tue Nov 25 12:47:53 2003]
At 8-9 weeks, the head is less flexed and the changes of the position of the head towards the body are clearly visible
tjedna, glava je manje savinuta, a promjene položaja glave prema tijelu su jasno vidljive

[Wed Nov 26 12:29:17 2003]
PRINCIPLES FOR SUCCESSFUL USE OF SYSTEM DYNAMICS
NAČELA ZA USPJEŠNU PRIMJENU DINAMIKE SUSTAVA

[Wed Nov 26 12:34:43 2003]
Though the projects described above differed in many ways, they all illustrate a number of principles for effective development and implementation of system dynamics models (see chapter 3;
Iako su se gore opisani projekti po mnogo čemu razlikovali, svi oni ilustriraju neka načela za učinkovit razvoj i primjenu modela dinamike sustava (vidi poglavlje 3;

[Wed Nov 26 12:34:45 2003]
see also Forrester 1961;
vidi također Forrester 1961;

[Wed Nov 26 12:34:48 2003]
Roberts 1977/1978;
Roberts 1977/1978;

[Wed Nov 26 12:34:48 2003]
and Morecroft and Sterman 1994)
i Morecroft i Sterman 1994)

[Wed Nov 26 12:36:12 2003]
Develop a model to solve a particular problem, not to model the system
Razvijte model za rješavanje određenog problema, a ne za modeliranje sustava

[Wed Nov 26 12:51:32 2003]
A model must have a clear purpose and that purpose must be to solve the problem of concern to the client.
Model mora imati jasnu namjenu, a ta namjena mora biti rješavanje problema koji muči klijenta.

[Wed Nov 26 12:51:59 2003]
Modelers must exclude all factors not relevant to the problem to ensure the project scope is feasible and the results timely.
Modelatori moraju isključiti sve čimbenike koji nisu relevantni za problem kako bi osigurali da je opseg projekta ostvariv, a rezultati pravovremeni.

[Wed Nov 26 12:52:08 2003]
The goal is to improve the performance of the system as defined by the client.
Cilj je poboljšati učinkovitost sustava kako ga definira klijent.

[Wed Nov 26 12:52:08 2003]
Focus on results
Usredotočite se na rezultate

[Wed Nov 26 12:56:22 2003]
Modeling should be integrated into a project from the beginning
Modeliranje bi od početka trebalo biti integrirano u projekt

[Wed Nov 26 13:02:35 2003]
The value of the modeling process begins early on, in the problem definition phase.
Važnost procesa modeliranja počinje rano, u fazi definiranja problema.

[Wed Nov 26 13:02:35 2003]
The modeling process helps focus diagnosis on the structure of the system rather than blaming problems on the people making decisions in that structure
Proces modeliranja pomaže da se dijagnoza fokusira na strukturu sustava, a ne da se za probleme okrivljuju ljudi koji donose odluke u toj strukturi

[Wed Nov 26 14:19:26 2003]
Be skeptical about the value of modeling and force the 'why do we need it' discussion at the start of the project
Budite skeptični o važnosti modeliranja i na početku projekta forsirajte razgovor o tome zašto je potrebno

[Wed Nov 26 14:23:49 2003]
There are many problems for which system dynamics is not useful.
Postoje mnogi problemi kod kojih dinamika sustava nije od koristi.

[Wed Nov 26 14:29:27 2003]
Carefully consider whether system dynamics is the right technique for the problem.
Pažljivo razmotrite je li dinamika sustava prikladna tehnika za određeni problem.

[Wed Nov 26 14:30:04 2003]
Modelers should welcome difficult questions from the clients about how the process works and how it might help them with their problem.
Modelatori bi trebali blagonaklono gledati na teška pitanja klijenata o tome kako proces funkcionira i kako bi im mogao pomoći u njihovom problemu.

[Wed Nov 26 14:30:04 2003]
The earlier these issues are discussed, the better
Što se ranije rasprave ova pitanja, to bolje

[Wed Nov 26 14:36:19 2003]
System dynamics does not stand alone.
Dinamika sustava nije izolirana.

[Wed Nov 26 14:36:19 2003]
Use other tools and methods as appropriate
Koristite druga sredstva i metode, kako odgovara

[Wed Nov 26 14:41:31 2003]
Most modeling projects are part of a larger effort involving traditional strategic and operational analysis, including benchmarking, statistical work, market research, etc.
Većina projekata modeliranja su dio većih napora koji uključuju tradicionalnu stratešku i operativnu analizu, uključujući uspoređivanje s najboljima, statistički posao, istraživanje tržišta, itd.

[Wed Nov 26 14:42:58 2003]
Effective modeling rests on a strong base of data and understanding of the issues.
Učinkovito modeliranje počiva na jakom temelju podataka i razumijevanja problema.

[Wed Nov 26 14:42:58 2003]
Modeling works best as a complement to other tools, not as a substitute
Modeliranje najbolje funkcionira kao nadopuna drugim sredstvima, a ne kao zamjena

[Wed Nov 26 14:44:57 2003]
Focus on implementation from the start of the project
Usredotočite se na primjenu od početka projekta

[Wed Nov 26 14:48:53 2003]
Implementation must start on the first day of the project.
Provedba mora početi od prvog dana projekta.

[Wed Nov 26 14:50:42 2003]
Constantly ask, How will the model help the client make decisions?
Stalno se pitajte, Kako će model pomoći klijentu u donošenju odluka?

[Wed Nov 26 14:51:16 2003]
Use the model to set priorities and determine the sequence of policy implementation.
Upotrijebite model za određivanje prioriteta i utvrđivanje slijeda provođenja politike.

[Wed Nov 26 14:55:35 2003]
Use the model to answer the question, How do we get there from here?
Upotrijebite model da odgovorite na pitanje, Kako da odavde stignemo tamo?

[Wed Nov 26 14:58:21 2003]
Carefully consider the real world issues involved in pulling various policy levers.
Pažljivo razmotrite stvarna pitanja uključena u pokretanje različitih utjecaja politike.

[Wed Nov 26 14:58:21 2003]
Quantify the full range of costs and benefits of policies, not only those already reported by existing accounting systems
Odredite čitav niz troškova i dobiti politike, ne samo one o kojima je već izvijestio postojeći računovodstveni sustav

[Wed Nov 26 15:03:23 2003]
Modeling works best as an iterative process of joint inquiry between client and consultant
Modeliranje najbolje funkcionira kao ponavljajući proces zajedničke istraga klijenta i savjetnika

[Wed Nov 26 15:07:03 2003]
Modeling is a process of discovery.
Modeliranje je proces otkrivanja.

[Wed Nov 26 15:08:14 2003]
The goal is to reach new understanding of how the problem arises and then use that understanding to design high leverage policies for improvement.
Cilj je doseći novo razumijevanje o tome kako nastaje problem, a zatim upotrijebiti to razumijevanje kako bi se oblikovale vrlo utjecajne strategije za poboljšanje.

[Wed Nov 26 15:09:55 2003]
Modeling should not be used as a tool for advocacy.
Modeliranje se ne bi trebalo koristiti kao sredstvo zagovaranja.

[Wed Nov 26 15:19:35 2003]
Models built out of the sight of the client will never lead to change in deeply held mental models and therefore will not change client behavior.
Modeli koji se oblikuju izvan vidokruga klijenta nikad neće dovesti do promjene u duboko usađenim mentalnim modelima i stoga neće promijeniti ponašanje klijenta.

[Wed Nov 26 15:20:38 2003]
Involve the clients as early and as deeply as possible.
Uključite klijente što ranije i što je više moguće.

[Wed Nov 26 15:21:27 2003]
Show them the model Encourage them to suggest and run their own tests and to criticize the model.
Potičite ih da predlože i provedu vlastite testove i da kritiziraju model.

[Wed Nov 26 15:21:27 2003]
Work with them to resolve their criticisms to their satisfaction
Radite s njima kako bi se njihova kritika riješila na njihovo zadovoljstvo

[Wed Nov 26 15:27:35 2003]
Validation is a continuous process of testing and building confidence in the model
Potvrđivanje je kontinuirani postupak testiranja i izgradnje povjerenja u model

[Wed Nov 26 15:35:29 2003]
Models are not validated after they are completed nor by anyone test such as their ability to fit historical data.
Modeli se ne potvrđuju nakon su završeni, niti bilo kakvim testom kao što je njihova sposobnost da prilagode povijesne podatke.

[Wed Nov 26 15:39:39 2003]
Through this process both model and expert opinions will change and deepen.
Tijekom ovog procesa, i model i stručna mišljenja će se promijeniti i produbiti.

[Wed Nov 26 15:42:40 2003]
Get a preliminary model working as soon as possible
Neka preliminarni model počne funkcionirati što je prije moguće

[Wed Nov 26 15:46:11 2003]
Add detail only as necessary.
Dodajte detalje samo po potrebi.

[Wed Nov 26 15:47:16 2003]
Develop a working simulation model as soon as possible.
Što prije razvijte radni simulacijski model.

[Wed Nov 26 15:48:39 2003]
Conceptual models are only hypotheses and must be tested.
Konceptualni modeli su samo hipoteze i moraju se testirati.

[Wed Nov 26 15:49:25 2003]
Formalization and simulation often uncover flaws in conceptual maps and lead to improved understanding.
Formalizacija i simulacija često otkrivaju nedostatke u konceptualnim mapama i dovode do poboljšanog razumijevanja.

[Wed Nov 26 15:50:31 2003]
The results of simulation experiments inform conceptual understanding and help build confidence in the results.
Rezultati simulacijskih eksperimenata obavješćuju konceptualno razumijevanje i pomažu izgraditi povjerenje u rezultate.

[Wed Nov 26 15:50:31 2003]
Early results provide immediate value to clients and justify continued investment of their time
Rani rezultati daju izravnu korist klijentima i opravdavaju daljnje ulaganje njihovog vremena

[Wed Nov 26 15:54:21 2003]
A broad model boundary is more important than a great deal of detail
Široka granica modela je važnija od velike količine detalja

[Wed Nov 26 16:05:29 2003]
Models must strike a balance between a useful, operational representation of the structures and policy levers available to the clients while capturing the feedbacks generally unaccounted for in their mental models.
Modeli moraju pronaći ravnotežu između korisnog, operativnog prikaza struktura i uporišta politike dostupnih klijentima, dok hvataju povratne informacije koje su općenito nerazjašnjene u njihovim mentalnim modelima.

[Wed Nov 26 16:05:29 2003]
In general, the dynamics of a system emerge from the interactions of the components in the system - capturing those feedbacks is more important than a lot of detail in representing the components themselves
Općenito, dinamika sustava proizlazi iz interakcija sastavnih dijelova sustava - prikazivanje tih povratnih veza je važnije od mnogo detalja u prikazivanju samih sastavnih dijelova

[Wed Nov 26 16:07:13 2003]
Use expert modelers, not novices
Koristite iskusne modelatore, a ne početnike

[Wed Nov 26 16:11:53 2003]
While the software available for modeling is easily mastered by a high school student or CEO, modeling is not computer programming.
Dok softverom koji je na raspolaganju za modeliranje lako može ovladati srednjoškolac ili generalni direktor, modeliranje nije kompjutersko programiranje.

[Wed Nov 26 16:13:23 2003]
You cannot develop a qualitative diagram and then hand it off to a programmer for coding into a simulation model.
Ne možete napraviti kvalitativni dijagram, a zatim ga dati programeru da ga kodira u u simulacijski model.

[Wed Nov 26 16:14:03 2003]
Modeling requires a disciplined approach and an understanding of business, skills developed through study and experience.
Modeliranje zahtijeva discipliniran pristup i razumijevanje poslovanja, što su vještine koje se razvijaju kroz učenje i iskustvo.

[Wed Nov 26 16:14:49 2003]
Get the expert assistance you need.
Osigurajte si stručnu pomoć koja vam je potrebna.

[Wed Nov 26 16:14:49 2003]
Use the project as an opportunity to develop the skills of others on the team and in the client organization
Neka vam projekt bude prilika da razvijete vještine ostalih u timu i u klijentovoj organizaciji

[Wed Nov 26 16:23:05 2003]
In all three cases the modeling work continued to have impact long after the initial project was over.
U sva tri slučaja modeliranje je nastavilo imati učinak dugo nakon završetka početnog projekta.

[Wed Nov 26 16:26:06 2003]
Models and management flight simulators were applied to similar issues in other settings.
Modeli i upravljački simulatori leta su bili korišteni kod sličnih pitanja u drugim okruženjima.

[Wed Nov 26 16:26:36 2003]
The modelers developed expertise they applied to related problems and clients moved into new positions and new organizations, taking the insights they gained and, sometimes, a new way of thinking, with them.
Modelatori su razvili stručnost koju su primjenjivali na srodne probleme, a klijenti su otišli na nove položaje i u nove organizacije, donoseći sobom shvaćanja koja su stekli i, ponekad, nov način razmišljanja.

[Wed Nov 26 16:26:36 2003]
Implementation is a long-term process of personal, organizational, and social change
Implementacija je dugoročan proces od osobne, organizacijske i društvene promjene

[Wed Nov 26 16:32:16 2003]
We shape our buildings;
Mi stvaramo naše zgrade;

[Wed Nov 26 16:32:16 2003]
thereafter, our buildings shape us.
prema tome, naše zgrade oblikuju nas.

[Wed Nov 26 16:35:58 2003]
Feedback is one of the core concepts of system dynamics.
Povratna veza je jedan od najbitnijih pojmova dinamike sustava.

[Wed Nov 26 16:37:56 2003]
Yet our mental models often fail to include the critical feedbacks determining the dynamics of our systems.
No naši mentalni modeli često ne uključuju kritične povratne veze koje određuju dinamiku naših sustava.

[Wed Nov 26 16:38:50 2003]
In system dynamics we use several diagramming tools to capture the structure of systems, including causal loop diagrams and stock and flow maps.
U dinamici sustava koristimo nekoliko dijagramskih alata kako bi prikazali strukturu sustava, uključujući uzročne dijagrame petlje i mape stoka i toka.

[Wed Nov 26 16:38:50 2003]
This chapter focuses on causal loop diagrams, including guidelines, pitfalls, and examples
Ovo poglavlje se fokusira na uzročne dijagrame petlje, uključujući smjernice, zamke i primjere

[Wed Nov 26 16:47:07 2003]
Causal loop diagrams (CLDs) are an important tool for representing the feedback structure of systems.
Uzročni dijagrami petlje su važno sredstvo za prikazivanje strukture povratne veze sustava.

[Wed Nov 26 16:47:07 2003]
Long used in academic work, and increasingly common in business, CLDs are excellent for
Dugo korišteni u akademskom radu, i sve češći u poslovanju, uzročni dijagrami petlje su odlični za

[Wed Nov 26 16:47:49 2003]
Quickly capturing your hypotheses about the causes of dynamics
Brzo prikazivanje vaše hipoteze o uzrocima dinamike

[Wed Nov 26 16:54:13 2003]
Eliciting and capturing the mental models of individuals or teams
Dobivanje i hvatanje mentalnih modela pojedinaca ili ekipe

[Wed Nov 26 16:56:43 2003]
Communicating the important feedbacks you believe are responsible for a problem
Priopćavanje važnih povratnih veza za koje vjerujete da su odgovorne za problem

[Wed Nov 26 17:17:08 2003]
The conventions for drawing causal diagrams are simple but should be followed faithfully.
Konvencije za crtanje uzročnih dijagrama su jednostavne, ali treba ih vjerno slijediti.

[Thu Nov 27 09:27:03 2003]
The conventions for drawing causal diagrams are simple but should be followed faithfully.
Konvencije za crtanje uzročnih dijagrama su jednostavne, ali trebaju se vjerno slijediti.

[Thu Nov 27 09:30:43 2003]
Think of causal diagrams as musical scores.
Zamislite uzročne dijagrame kao glazbene partiture.

[Thu Nov 27 09:32:29 2003]
Neatness counts, and idiosyncratic symbols and styles make it hard for fellow musicians to read your score.
Urednost je važna, a osebujni simboli i stilovi otežavaju kolegama glazbenicima čitanje vaše partiture.

[Thu Nov 27 09:33:30 2003]
At first, you may find it difficult to construct and interpret these diagrams.
Isprva, možda će vam biti teško sastavljati i tumačiti ove dijagrame.

[Thu Nov 27 09:33:30 2003]
With practice, however, you will soon be sight-reading
Međutim, uz praksu, uskoro ćete moći čitati bez pripreme

[Thu Nov 27 09:38:18 2003]
A causal diagram consists of variables connected by arrows denoting the causal influences among the variables.
Uzročni dijagram se sastoji od varijabli povezanih strelicama koje obilježavaju uzročna djelovanja među varijablama.

[Thu Nov 27 09:38:45 2003]
The important feedback loops are also identified in the diagram.
Važne petlje povratne veze su također označene u dijagramu.

[Thu Nov 27 09:38:45 2003]
Figure 5-1 shows an example and key to the notation
Slika 5-1 prikazuje primjer i ključ za označavanje

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