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[Mon Dec 01 09:20:36 2003]
Za odredbe o parcijalnim koeficijentima nadležne su odgovarajuće državne vlasti.
Relevant state authorities are responsible for regulations about partial coefficients.
[Mon Dec 01 09:25:02 2003]
EC 5 daje samo preporuke.
EC 5 only gives recommendations.
[Mon Dec 01 09:26:22 2003]
Faktori opterećenja posljedak su nagodbe komisija iz razdoblja prednormizacije, kao što je primjerice komitet Euro-International du Beton (CEB).
Load factors ar the result of an agreement between commissions from the era of prestandardization, such as for example the committee Euro-International du Beton (CEB).
[Mon Dec 01 09:31:32 2003]
Za većinu drvenih konstrukcija isti su parcijalni koeficijenti kao za čelik i beton (1.0/1.35 za povoljno/nepovoljno stalno djelovanje i 1.5 za promjenljivo djelovanje).
For majority of wooden structures partial coefficients are same as for steel and concrete (1.0/1.35 for positive/negative permanent action and 1.5 for variable action).
[Mon Dec 01 09:31:32 2003]
Reducirani parcijalni koeficijenti (1.0/1.2 i 1.35) primjenjuju se, međutim, za jednokatne zgrade koje imaju umjerene raspone i koje su privremeno nastanjene (skladišta, nadstrešnice, staklenici, manje zgrade, manji silosi za poljoprivredne namjene), za rasvjetne stupove, za lagane pregradne zidove i obloge
35) are used, however, with single-story buildings which have moderate spans and which are temporarily occupied (warehouses, eaves, greenhouses, smaller buildings, smaller silos for agricultural purposes), for lampposts, for light partition walls and linings
[Mon Dec 01 09:38:02 2003]
predložen je za većinu materijala.
is proposed for the majority of materials.
[Mon Dec 01 09:39:30 2003]
Ta je vrijednost određena na osnovi kalibracije koristeći se postojećim normama kao benchmark testovima.
That value was determined on the basis of calibrations, using the existing standards as benchmark tests.
[Mon Dec 01 09:45:22 2003]
Općenito je faktor sigurnosti u postojećim normama oko 2.5 (za dugotrajna oko 0.6 ili 9/16, a za preopterećenje oko 1.33).
In general, the safety factor in existing standards is around 2.5 (for long-lasting load around 0.6 or 9/16, and for overload around 1.33).
[Mon Dec 01 09:45:30 2003]
Preporučeni faktor daje globalnu sigurnost oko 2.7 za konstrukcije opterećene samo stalnim teretom, 2.6 za konstrukcije izložene samo dugotrajnom opterećenju i 2.3 za konstrukcije s opterećenjem srednje trajnosti (npr.
7 for structures loaded only with permanent load, 2.6 for structures exposed to long-lasting load only, and 2.3 for structures with the load of medium duration (e.g.
[Mon Dec 01 09:50:23 2003]
za djelovanja stalnog i pokretnog opterećenja za projektne situacije
for the effects of permanent and moving load for design situations
[Mon Dec 01 09:55:46 2003]
za provjere nosivosti u provjerama situacija stalnog i pokretnog prolaznog opterećenja
for bearing capacity tests in the conditions of testing permanent and movable temporary load
[Mon Dec 01 09:57:33 2003]
Drvo i proizvodi od drva
Wood and wood products
[Mon Dec 01 09:59:08 2003]
dokaz razvlačenja
proof of distension
[Mon Dec 01 10:15:16 2003]
Monolitno drvo
Monolithic wood
[Mon Dec 01 10:17:44 2003]
Preporučuje se mehanička klasifikacija drvene građe.
Mechanical classification of timber is recommended.
[Mon Dec 01 10:18:33 2003]
Čvrstoće i krutosti određuju se uobičajenim postupcima.
Strength and rigidity are determined by standard procedures.
[Mon Dec 01 10:20:44 2003]
Zupčasti lijepljeni spojevi mogu se rabiti bez ograničenja.
Finger joints can be used without limitation.
[Mon Dec 01 10:33:02 2003]
Preporučuje se primijeniti klasu CEN, čvrstoće u EN 338.
It is recommended to use the CEN class, strengths in EN 338.
[Mon Dec 01 10:33:19 2003]
Takvom se podjelom drveta omogućuje uporaba raznih vrsta drva, projektantima se omogućuje da zaobiđu manjak znanja o brojnim botaničkim vrstama drva, omogućuje se uporaba novih vrsta, a dobavljači mogu tako imati uskladištene veće količine raznih botaničkih vrsta.
Such classification of woods enables the use of various types of wood, it allows the designers to go around the lack of knowledge about numerous species of wood, it enables the use of new types, and suppliers can have large quantities of various species stored.
[Mon Dec 01 10:33:19 2003]
Podjela obuhvaća sve klase čvrstoće
The classification includes all strength classes
[Mon Dec 01 10:36:13 2003]
od karakteristične čvrstoće od
from the characteristic strength of
[Mon Dec 01 10:47:53 2003]
Dopušteni su zupčasti nastavci preko cjelokupnog presjeka grede.
Gear extensions across the entire section of the beam are allowed.
[Mon Dec 01 10:47:53 2003]
Međutim, za klasu primjene 3 zahtijeva se da se smjer vlakanaca drveta ne mijenja na mjestu zupčastog nastavka i u uglovima okvira
However, for utilization class 3, it is demanded that the direction of wood fibers should not not change on the place of the gear extension and in the angles of the frame
[Mon Dec 01 11:03:04 2003]
Kao prijedlog nosivosti materijala drveta navodi se nova tablica nosivosti drveta kako je definirana u (3).
As a proposal for bearing capacity of wooden material, the new table of wood bearing capacity is given, as defined in (3).
[Mon Dec 01 11:04:26 2003]
Ovdje se prikazuje samo kratka tablica za lamelirano drvo i za puno drvo.
Here we present only a brief table for laminated wood and for solid wood.
[Mon Dec 01 11:04:26 2003]
Za monolitno drvo klase drveta imaju oznake od C14 do C70, što označuje savojne čvrstoće drveta u
For monolithic wood, wood classes have marks from C14 to C70, which denotes the bending strength of wood
[Mon Dec 01 11:08:37 2003]
Tablica klasifikacija čvrstoće drveta (mehaničkih svojstava) za lamelirano drvo
Table of of wood strength classification (mechanical properties) for laminated wood
[Mon Dec 01 11:10:19 2003]
Klasa čvrstoće
Strength class
[Mon Dec 01 11:10:31 2003]
Savijanje
Bending
[Mon Dec 01 11:11:08 2003]
paralelno s vlaknima
parallel with fibers
[Mon Dec 01 11:11:41 2003]
okomito na vlakna
perpendicular to fibers
[Mon Dec 01 11:15:42 2003]
Tablica karakterističnih vrijednosti čvrstoće i krutosti u
Table of characteristic values of strength and rigidity in
[Mon Dec 01 11:19:58 2003]
Vrijednosti u ovoj tablici vrijede za građevinsko drvo sljedećih botaničkih vrsta:
Values in this table apply to construction wood of the following species:
[Mon Dec 01 11:19:58 2003]
smreka, bor, jela
spruce, pine, fir
[Mon Dec 01 11:22:23 2003]
strojno klasificirano drvo, raspoloživost ove klase treba provjeriti na tržištu
machine-graded wood, availability of this classes should be checked on the market
[Mon Dec 01 11:25:32 2003]
Tablica modifikacijskih faktora za klase čvrstoća
Table of modification factors strength classes
[Mon Dec 01 11:30:12 2003]
Klasa trajnosti opterećenja
Load durability class
[Mon Dec 01 11:32:28 2003]
uključujući modul elastičnosti za proračun stabilnosti
including the modulus of elasticity for the calculation of stability
[Mon Dec 01 11:39:40 2003]
Ako se kombinacija djelovanja sastoji od djelovanja pripadnih različitim klasama trajanja, kmod se može uzeti primjeren djelovanju s najkraćim vremenom trajanja opterećenja.
If the combination of actions consists of actions belonging to different durability classes, kmod can be taken as appropriate to the action with the shortest load duration.
[Mon Dec 01 11:40:16 2003]
za kombinacije stalnog i kratkotrajnog opterećenja kmod se uzima prema vrijednosti za kratkotrajno opterećenje
For example, for combinations of permanent and short-term load, kmod is taken according to the value for short-term load
[Mon Dec 01 11:59:39 2003]
Zahtijeva se ograničenje progiba unutar propisanih granica za odgovarajuće konstrukcije, a u svezi mogućih šteta proizašlih iz deformacija obloga, stropova, pregradnih zidova, završnih obloga i fasada te funkcionalnih i vizualnih zahtjeva.
It is required to limit deflections inside the defined limits for corresponding structures, in connection with the possible damages arising from deformations of linings, ceilings, partition walls, final linings and facades and functional and visual requirements.
[Mon Dec 01 12:00:53 2003]
Za podove izložene redovitom prolazu ljudi minimalna vlastita frekvencija ne bi smjela biti manja od pet ciklusa u sekundi, kako se ne bi izazvala nelagoda kod ljudi.
For floors exposed to the regular passing of people, minimal natural frequency should not be less than five cycles per second, in order not ot cause discomfort with people.
[Mon Dec 01 12:01:21 2003]
Taj je uvjet zadovoljen ako ukupni progib od stalnoga i pokretnog opterećenja nije veći od 13 mm.
This requirement is satisfied if total deflection from permanent and moving load does not surpass 13 mm.
[Mon Dec 01 12:01:21 2003]
Dakle, obvezatan je proračun vlastitih titranja konstrukcija
Therefore, the calculation of natural structure vibrations is compulsory
[Mon Dec 01 12:07:17 2003]
trenutni progib djelovanja proračunanih sa srednjim vrijednostima odgovarajućeg modula krutosti
is the instant deflection of actions calculated with average values of the corresponding modulus of rigidity
[Mon Dec 01 12:11:50 2003]
je faktor koji uzima u obzir povećanje progiba uslijed djelovanja efekta puzanja početne količine vlažnosti i varijacije vlažnosti
is the factor which takes into account the increase of deflection as a result of effect of creep of the initial amount of humidity and the variation of humidity
[Mon Dec 01 12:24:58 2003]
Preporučuju se vrijednosti kdef koje se kreću u granicama od 0.25 (za opterećenje srednjeg trajanja i klasu korištenja 1) do 2.0 (za stalno opterećenje i klasu korištenja 3).
The recommend values of kdef are those which move within the limits from 0.25 (for the load of medium duration and utilization class 1) to 2.0 (for permanent load and utilization class 3).
[Mon Dec 01 12:28:57 2003]
Za pločaste materijale taj se koeficijent kreće u granicama od 0.4 do 3.0 i dan je tablično.
For plate materials this coefficient moves from 0.4 to 3.0 and it is given in the table.
[Mon Dec 01 12:28:57 2003]
Dopuštaju se progibi od L/300 kod greda i L/150 za konzole, a ako nije štetno, mogu se dopustiti progibi za gredne nosače L/200 i L/100 za konzolne nosače
The deflections alloweed are L/300 for beams and L/150 for cantilevers, and if it is not dangerous, deflections for beam supports L/200 and L/100 for cantilevered beams can be allowed
[Mon Dec 01 12:36:56 2003]
Općenito se provjera zasniva na pretpostavkama linearnih odnosa naprezanja i deformacija do sloma.
In general, verification is based on the assumptions of linear relations of stresses and strains until the fracture.
[Mon Dec 01 12:40:03 2003]
Kad se provjerava kombinirano savijanje i tlak, može se primijeniti nelinearna relacija, dakle elastično plastična analiza.
When checking combined bending and pressure, a nonlinear relation can be used, i.e. elastic-plastic analysis.
[Mon Dec 01 12:40:42 2003]
Također je kod vlaka poprijeko na vlakna drveta uzet referentni volumen za koji se pretpostavlja jednolična raspodjela napona po tom volumenu.
Also, with the tension diagonally to wood fibers the referential volume is taken, with the assumed uniform distribution of tension along that volume.
[Mon Dec 01 12:40:42 2003]
Stoga se karakteristična vrijednost za volumen V, izložen poprečnom vlaku, množi s izrazom
So the characteristic value for the volume V, exposed to the transversal tension, is multiplied by the expression
[Mon Dec 01 12:50:37 2003]
Provjera vlaka paralelno s vlaknima provodi se po izrazu
Verification of tension parallel with fibers is carried out according to the expression
[Mon Dec 01 13:00:33 2003]
uzima u obzir učinke veličine naprezanog volumena
takes into consideration the effects of the size of exerted volume
[Mon Dec 01 14:11:10 2003]
uzima u obzir učinak raspodjele naprezanja
takes into account the effect of stress distribution
[Mon Dec 01 14:22:08 2003]
Provjera tlaka okomito na vlakna
Verification of pressure perpendicular to fibers
[Mon Dec 01 14:31:01 2003]
Kad se provjerava pritisak okomito prema vlaknima drveta, treba provjeriti izraz
When checking pressure perpendicular to wood fibers, the following expression must be verified
[Mon Dec 01 14:35:04 2003]
uzima u obzir moguće povećanje opterećenja na opterećenoj duljini l, ako je ta duljina kratka, a prema priloženoj slici, a izraz se uzima prema tablici 5.1.5, zavisno od duljina a, l i l1, što se ovdje ne navodi
takes into account the possible increase of load on the loaded length l, if that length is short, according to the enclosed picture, and the expression is taken according to the table 5.1.5, depending on lengths, l and l1, which is not stated here
[Mon Dec 01 14:36:25 2003]
Deformacije okomito prema vlaknima drveta mogu se odrediti iz izraza
Strains vertical to wood fibers can be determined from the expression
[Mon Dec 01 14:46:04 2003]
Za tlačne napone pod kutom
For pressure tensions at the angle
[Mon Dec 01 14:47:58 2003]
prema krajnjem vlaknu treba biti zadovoljen uvjet naprezanja
to the final fiber, the following stress condition must be satisfied
[Mon Dec 01 14:52:12 2003]
uzima u obzir reduciranu čvrstoću uslijed bočne nestabilnosti (bočnog izvijanja)
takes into account the reduced strength owing to lateral instability (lateral bending)
[Mon Dec 01 14:55:32 2003]
treba odrediti tako da ukupno naprezanje savijanja, uzevši u obzir i utjecaj početne zakrivljenosti, ekscentriciteta i prouzročenih deformacija, ne prijeđe
should be determined so that the total stress of bending, considering also the influence of starting curvature, eccentricity and caused deformations, does not go over
[Mon Dec 01 15:03:30 2003]
Smanjenje čvrstoće može se zanemariti
Decrease in strength can be neglected
[Mon Dec 01 15:05:23 2003]
ako su deformacije i torzija nosača spriječeni na ležajevima i ako je
if deformations and beam torsion are prevented on bearings, and if
[Mon Dec 01 15:08:07 2003]
vitkost za savijanje
is slenderness for bending
[Mon Dec 01 15:09:00 2003]
kritično naprezanje izvijanja izračunato prema klasičnoj teoriji stabilnosti
the critical stress of bending calculated according to the classical stability theory
[Mon Dec 01 15:19:20 2003]
za grede kojima je spriječen bočni pomak tlačne zone nosača po cijeloj dužini nosača i ako su ujedno i spriječene rotacije na osloncima nosača
for beams with prevented lateral displacement of the compression zone of the beam along the entire length of beam, and if, at the same time, rotations on supports of the beam are prevented
[Mon Dec 01 15:27:39 2003]
Pod pretpostavkom da je početno odstupanje od pravca manje od L/300, koeficijent redukcije kinst= može se odrediti prema izrazima
On the assumption that is the initial deviation from the direction line is less than L/300, the reduction coefficient kinst= can be determined according to the expressions
[Mon Dec 01 15:31:08 2003]
Za grede pravokutnog presjeka vitkost je dana izrazom
For beams with rectangular section, slenderness is given by the expression
[Mon Dec 01 15:32:12 2003]
efektivna duljina grede
is the actual length of the beam
[Mon Dec 01 15:41:21 2003]
Kod dvoosnog savijanja pretpostavlja se da je linearni odnos između naprezanja i deformacija suviše konzervativan, pa se pri provjeri dvoosnog savijanja treba provjeriti oba uvjeta
With biaxial bending, it is assumed that linear relation between stresses and strains is too conservative, so when checking biaxial bending, both conditions should be verified
[Mon Dec 01 15:47:50 2003]
proračunske vrijednosti savojnih naprezanja s obzirom na glavne osi, (FJMJXJD) i (FJMJYJD) korespondentne su savojne čvrstoće oko x i y osi
are estimated values of bending stresses in respect to principal axes, (FJMJXJD) and (FJMJYJD) are corresponding bending strengths around axes x and y
[Mon Dec 01 15:51:29 2003]
Nakon opsežne rasprave usvojen je redukcijski faktor visine za presjeke koji su veći od 150 mm
After a lengthy discussion, the reduction factor of height for sections over 150 mm was adopted
[Mon Dec 01 15:53:43 2003]
Provjera monolitnih drvenih nosača na posmik provodi se prema
Testing of monolithic wooden beams to shear is executed according to
[Tue Dec 02 09:56:17 2003]
Ako su nosači na ležaju oslabljeni kosinom duljine a (što se treba u praksi izbjegavati)
If beams are weakened on the bearing by the slope of length a (which should be avoided in practice)
[Tue Dec 02 09:58:19 2003]
uzima u obzir utjecaj koncentracije i preraspodjele napona
takes into account the influence of concentration and redistribution of tension
[Tue Dec 02 10:01:39 2003]
Za nosač oslabljen pri ležaju s donje strane
For the beam weakened near the bearing from below
[Tue Dec 02 10:11:08 2003]
Kod lameliranih lijepljenih drvenih nosača, za nosače čiji je volumen jednak ili manji od 0.1 m3 vrijede izrazi (5.1.7.1).
With laminated glued wooden beams, for beams whose volume is equal or smaller than 0.1 m3, the expressions (5.1.7.1) apply.
[Tue Dec 02 10:11:08 2003]
Ako je volumen nosača veći od 0.1 m3, ukupno projektno opterećenje Qd (QQJD) treba zadovoljiti uvjet
If the volume of the beam is larger than 0.1 m3, total design load Qd (QQJD) must satisfy the following requirement
[Tue Dec 02 10:34:16 2003]
Za grede koje su kosinom (zasjekom) oslabljene s donje strane treba se izraz (5.1.7.2 a) zamijeniti izrazom
For beams that are weakened from below with the slope (cut), the expression (5.1.7.2 and) should be replaced with the expression
[Tue Dec 02 10:38:16 2003]
uzima u obzir učinak koncentracije napona uslijed oslabljenja
takes into account the effect of concentration of tension as a result of weakening
[Tue Dec 02 10:45:43 2003]
Kod torzije presjeka treba provjeriti uvjet
With section torsion, the following condition must be verified
[Tue Dec 02 10:48:18 2003]
Provjera kombiniranih naprezanja
Verification of combined stresses
[Tue Dec 02 10:51:01 2003]
Provjera naprezanja u trapeznim gredama s vlakom pod kutom prema vlaknima
Stress checking in trapeze beams with tension under an angle to fibers
[Tue Dec 02 10:54:41 2003]
Kod trapeznih greda pravokutnoga poprečnog presjeka napon savijanja rubnog vlakna treba zadovoljiti uvjet
In trapeze beams with the rectangular cross section the tension of marginal fiber bending should satisfy the following requirement
[Tue Dec 02 11:08:46 2003]
Kod vlaka sa savijanjem u smjeru vlakana, naprezanja trebaju zadovoljiti uvjet
With tension with bending in the direction of fibers, stresses must satisfy the following requirement
[Tue Dec 02 11:20:11 2003]
Slično, kod tlaka sa savijanjem kratkih štapova (bez izvijanja) u smjeru vlakana treba biti ispunjen uvjet
Similarly, in case of pressure with bending of short bars (without twisting) in the direction of fibers, the following requirement must be fulfilled
[Tue Dec 02 11:29:21 2003]
Kad je posrijedi zajedničko djelovanje torzije i posmika, treba se ispuniti uvjet
When it comes to joint action of torsion and shear, the following requirement must be fulfilled
[Tue Dec 02 11:33:19 2003]
Kod trapeznih nosača treba provjeriti naprezanja od savijanja
With trapezoidal beams, stresses from bending should be checked
[Tue Dec 02 11:36:12 2003]
te naprezanja vlaka okomito na vlakna drveta
as well as stresses from tension perpendicular to wood fibers
[Tue Dec 02 11:42:24 2003]
Kod trapeznih nosača pravokutnog presjeka sa smjerom vlakanaca usporedno s jednim od vanjskih rubova nosača i s nagibom
In case of trapezoidal beams with rectangular section with the fiber direction parallel with one of the outer edges of the beam and with the slope
[Tue Dec 02 11:44:31 2003]
savojna naprezanja u vanjskim vlaknima mogu se proračunati kao
bending stresses in external fibers can calculate as
[Tue Dec 02 11:53:25 2003]
U sljemenu dvostrešnog trapeznog nosača savojna naprezanja mogu se računati iz
At the ridge of the double-eaved trapezoidal beam bending stresses can be calculated from
[Tue Dec 02 11:55:33 2003]
Kod trapeznih nosača pravokutnog presjeka napon savijanja u rubnim vlaknima mora zadovoljiti uvjet
In case of trapezoidal beams with rectangular section, the tension of bending in edge fibers must satisfy the following requirement
[Tue Dec 02 12:01:47 2003]
a najveće vlačno naprezanje okomito na vlakna drveta
and largest tensile stresses perpendicular to wood fibers
[Tue Dec 02 12:10:22 2003]
Volumni faktor u (5.1.11.
The volume factor in (5.1.11.
[Tue Dec 02 12:10:22 2003]
b) može se odrediti iz
b) can be determined from
[Tue Dec 02 12:13:26 2003]
za opterećenja koja daju konstantni moment savijanja u nosaču
for loads which give constant bending moment in the beam
[Tue Dec 02 12:15:07 2003]
za ostala opterećenja uključujući i jednoliko raspoređeno opterećenje
for other loads including uniformly distributed load
[Tue Dec 02 12:22:55 2003]
Kod zakrivljenih nosača posebice se imaju na umu vlačni naponi okomito na vlakna drveta, tako kod zakrivljenih lameliranih nosača konstantne visine treba provjeriti je li ispunjen uvjet
In case of curved beams, tensile stresses perpendicular to wood fibers are particularly considered, so with curved laminated beams of constant height it must be checked whether the following requirement is fulfilled
[Tue Dec 02 12:32:39 2003]
Redukcija čvrstoće drveta savijenih lamela može se uzeti u obzir množenjem projektnih čvrstoća savijanja
Reduction of wood strength of bent lamellas can be taken into account by multiplying design bending strengths
[Tue Dec 02 12:34:32 2003]
te vlačne čvrstoće paralelno s vlaknima
and tensile strengths parallel with fibers
[Tue Dec 02 12:35:15 2003]
korekcijskim faktorom
correction factor
[Tue Dec 02 12:51:27 2003]
Proračun napona na strani intradosa zakrivljenog lameliranog nosača je
The calculation of tension on the side of the intrados of the curved laminated beam is
[Tue Dec 02 15:16:00 2003]
Za vlačna naprezanja okomito na vlakna u zakrivljenom dijelu nosača vrijedi
For tensile stresses perpendicular on fibers in the curved part of the beam it holds
[Tue Dec 02 16:16:43 2003]
za opterećenja koja izazivaju promjenljiv moment savijanja, počevši od ništice na krajevima zakrivljenog nosača do neke maksimalne vrijednosti
for loads which cause a variable bending moment, starting from zero at the edges of the curved beam, to some maximum value
[Tue Dec 02 16:23:27 2003]
za opterećenja koja izazivaju približno konstantan moment savijanja
for loads which cause roughly constant bending moment
[Wed Dec 03 11:33:50 2003]
Kod srpastih lijepljenih lameliranih nosača treba provjeriti napone u tjemenu nosača, i to napon savijanja na unutrašnjem rubu, kao i vlačne napone poprijeko na vlakna prema
In case of sickle-shaped glued laminated beams, stresses at the crown of the beam must be checked, more precisely the tension of bending at the inner edge, as well as tensile stress diagonally to fibers according to
[Wed Dec 03 11:52:22 2003]
Pri provjeri vitkih stupova pretpostavlja se početna zakrivljenost.
When testing slender columns, starting curvature is assumed.
[Wed Dec 03 11:53:43 2003]
Prema verziji EC 5 iz godine 1987, za proračun tlačnih stupova predviđala se provjera po teoriji linearne elastičnosti.
According to the version of EC 5 from 1987, testing according to the theory of linear elasticity is specified for compression columns calculation.
[Wed Dec 03 11:55:17 2003]
U sadašnjoj verziji primjenjuje se novi postupak zasnovan na mogućnosti plastične deformacije.
In the current version, the new procedure is used, based on the possibility of plastic deformation.
[Wed Dec 03 11:55:17 2003]
Kako bi izravna primjena te teorije zahtijevala previše rada i iterativnih kalkulacija, EC 5 usvaja jednostavnu aproksimaciju zasnovanu na jednoj propisanoj shemi proračuna
Since the direct use of that theory would require too much work and iterative calculations, EC 5 adopts a simple approximation based on a prescribed scheme of calculation
[Wed Dec 03 12:04:38 2003]
proračunata naprezanja savijanja, ne uzimajući u obzir izvijanje i početnu zakrivljenost štapa, vitkost tlačnog štapa duljine izvijanja
calculated stresses of bending, without taking into account twisting and starting curvature of the member, slenderness of the compression member of effective length
[Wed Dec 03 12:12:30 2003]
Pri savijanju tlačnih stupova pretpostavlja se da je relativna vitkost elementa
In case of compression columns bending, it is assumed that the relative slenderness of the element
[Wed Dec 03 12:18:47 2003]
Kad je posrijedi mala vitkost, njen se utjecaj može zanemariti.
If slenderness is not great, its influence can be neglected.
[Wed Dec 03 12:18:47 2003]
Povoljan utjecaj plastifikacije drveta podvrgnutog tlačnim naprezanjima može se uzeti u obzir u slučajevima kad je prisutno zajedničko djelovanje savijanja i tlačnih sila
Positive impact of plasticization of wood subjected to compressive stresses can be taken into account in cases when there is joint action of bending and compression forces
[Wed Dec 03 12:22:15 2003]
proračunsko naprezanje savijanja samo od bočnog opterećenja na tlačni štap
is the calculated stress of bending only from lateral load on the compression member
[Wed Dec 03 12:25:11 2003]
faktor koji zavisi od početne zakrivljenosti štapa.
is the factor which depends upon the starting curvature of the member.
[Wed Dec 03 12:25:27 2003]
Za masivne presjeke uzima se da je početna zakrivljenost L/300, i da je b=0.2.
For massive sections the starting curvature is taken to be L/300, and b=0.2.
[Wed Dec 03 12:25:27 2003]
Za lamelirano drvo, s početnom zakrivljenosti L/450, uzima se
For laminated wood, with the starting curvature L/450, it is assumed
[Wed Dec 03 12:40:55 2003]
Kod prostornih konstrukcija ispituje se bočna stabilnost.
With spatial structures, the lateral stability is tested.
[Wed Dec 03 12:40:55 2003]
Uzima se da je početno odstupanje od pravca u sredini raspona L/450 za lijepljene lamelirane nosače, a L/300 za ostale konstrukcije
The initial deviation from the course in the midspan is taken to be L/450 for glued laminated beams, and L/300 for other structures
[Wed Dec 03 12:43:07 2003]
jednakih nosača pravokutnog presjeka pripada jednom stabilizacijskom sustavu, treba proračun bočne stabilnosti, osim za vanjsko opterećenje (npr.
of identical beams with rectangular section belongs to one stabilization system, the calculation of lateral stability, except for external load (e.g.
[Wed Dec 03 12:43:07 2003]
vjetar), provesti i za jednoliko opterećenje
wind), should be carried out for uniform load as well
[Wed Dec 03 12:49:34 2003]
N uzdužna sila u nosaču.
N is the axial force in the beam.
[Wed Dec 03 12:49:34 2003]
Kad je nosač savijan maksimalnim momentom M (MM) i ako je visina h (H), treba uzeti da je
When the beam is bent with the maximum moment M (MM), and if the height is h (H), it should be assumed as
[Wed Dec 03 12:51:38 2003]
opterećenje na rešetku
load on the truss
[Wed Dec 03 12:54:16 2003]
početno odstupanje od pravca na sredini raspona
initial deviation from the course in the middle of the span
[Wed Dec 03 12:56:22 2003]
progib bočnog osiguranja prouzročeno zbrojem opterećenja q i vanjskog opterećenja, proračunatog sa
deflection of lateral insurance caused by the sum of the load q and exterior load, calculated with
[Wed Dec 03 13:02:03 2003]
Kad se proračunava veličina progiba u, treba uzeti u obzir utjecaj podatljivosti spojeva
When calculating size of the deflection u, the impact of pliancy of connections should be taken into account
[Wed Dec 03 14:11:50 2003]
Pri provjeri stabilnosti u ravnini okvira treba pretpostaviti da se početne nesavršenosti zbrajaju s deformacijama uslijed izvijanja sustava pod pretpostavljenim opterećenjem
During stability testing in the plane of the framework, it should be assumed that initial imperfections are summed up with deformations because of the system buckling under design load
[Wed Dec 03 14:18:45 2003]
i sinusoidni oblik konstrukcije između čvorova, s maksimalnim ekscentricitetom
and ¸the sinusoidal form of the structure between nodes, with maximum eccentricity
[Wed Dec 03 14:22:18 2003]
Primjer početnih nesavršenosti okvira i lukova
Example of initial imperfections of frames and arches
[Wed Dec 03 14:22:43 2003]
nedeformirani sustavi
undeformed systems
[Wed Dec 03 14:22:58 2003]
simetrično
symmetrically
[Wed Dec 03 14:25:56 2003]
početno zakrivljena os
initially curved axis
[Wed Dec 03 14:29:05 2003]
je krutost ukrutbene konstrukcije
is the rigidity of the stiffening structure
[Wed Dec 03 14:29:26 2003]
su tlačne sile prema standardu
are compression forces according to the standard
[Wed Dec 03 14:31:54 2003]
Progibe treba računati sa
Deflections should be calculated with
[Wed Dec 03 14:33:25 2003]
Sustav se razmatra kao inicijalno deformiran i provjerava se
System is regarded as initially deformed and it is checked
[Wed Dec 03 14:36:09 2003]
Ove se provjere stabilnosti nosača i sustava elegantno provode programima za provjere stabilnosti
These stability checks of beams and systems are superbly carried out with programs for stability checks
[Wed Dec 03 14:42:12 2003]
Analiza izbočenja lameliranog nosača kojem je gornji rub pridržan na krajevima i na sredini
Buckling analysis of a laminated beam whose upper edge is supported at the ends and in the middle
[Wed Dec 03 14:44:29 2003]
U analizi treba koristiti SHELL4L s jednim slojem, te EEJPAR i EEJTRA module.
Modules EEJPAR and EEJTRA, and SHELL4L with one layer should be used in the analysis.
[Wed Dec 03 14:44:29 2003]
Osnovni sustav je inicijalno zakrivljen u smislu EC5 zahtjeva
Basic system is initially curved in the sense of EC5 requirement
[Wed Dec 03 14:49:17 2003]
Analize lameliranog nosača u sustavu 3D.
Analyses of a laminated beam in a 3D system.
[Wed Dec 03 14:49:35 2003]
Nosač je ukrutama pridržan bočno.
The beam is laterally supported with stiffeners.
[Wed Dec 03 14:52:43 2003]
Slike izbočenja.
Pictures of buckling.
[Wed Dec 03 14:52:43 2003]
B_mode pokazuje na broj s kojim se priloženo opterećenje može pomnožiti, da bi došlo do fenomena izbočenja (gubitka stabilnosti) nosača
B_mode shows the number with which the applied load can be multiplied, in order to achieve the phenomenon of buckling (stability loss) of the beam
[Wed Dec 03 14:58:24 2003]
Analize istog lameliranog nosača koji je stabiliziran rešetkastim ukrutama.
Analyses of the same laminated beam which is stabilized with truss stiffeners.
[Wed Dec 03 14:58:24 2003]
Analize provedene s analizom "A_Buckling" FEA programom COSMOS/M
Analyses carried out with the "A_Buckling" analysis and FEA program COSMOS/M
[Wed Dec 03 15:00:21 2003]
Aksonometrijski prikaz ukrućenja hale od trozglobnih okvira (rad studenta)
Axonometric representation of stiffening of the hall constructed from three-hinged framews (students' work)
[Wed Dec 03 15:05:02 2003]
Stabilizacijski i vjetrovni spregovi
Stabilization and wind bracings
[Wed Dec 03 15:06:00 2003]
Nosivost vijaka, trnova i čavala
Bearing capacity of screws, spikes and nails
[Wed Dec 03 15:14:23 2003]
Eurocode 5 usvaja u proračunu nosivosti spajala Johansenove izraze, zasnovane na nosivosti štapa u elastično plastičnoj sredini.
In the calculation of fastener capacity, Eurocode 5 adopts Johansen's expressions based on bearing capacity of a member in the elastoplastic environment.
[Wed Dec 03 15:14:24 2003]
Pretpostavka je da trn djeluje kao kruto plastična "greda", usađena u kruto plastični "temelj".
The sssumption is that a spike functions as a rigidly plastic "beam", fixed into the rigidly plastic "foundation".
[Wed Dec 03 15:19:57 2003]
prosječna čvrstoća drveta ispod trna
average strength of wood under the spike
[Wed Dec 03 15:23:28 2003]
Pretpostavka kruto plastičnog ponašanja zasniva se na osnovnim pretpostavkama koje su prikazane u shemama razaranja spojeva kod jednoreznih i dvoreznih spojeva.
The assumption of rigidly plastic behavior is based on basic presumptions which are presented in schemes of connections destruction, with single-sheer sectioned and two-sheer sectioned connections.
[Wed Dec 03 15:23:33 2003]
Ovi se izrazi zasnivaju na EC 5, ali i na istraživanjima Larsena, Ehlbeck-a i P.
These expressions are based on EC 5, and also on the research of Larsen, Ehlbeck and P.
[Wed Dec 03 15:24:26 2003]
Spojevi drveta s drvetom
Connections of wood with wood
[Wed Dec 03 15:26:36 2003]
Za jednorezne spojeve uzima se najmanja proračunana vrijednost od
For single-sheer sectioned joints, the smallest calculated value is taken
[Wed Dec 03 15:28:41 2003]
Modovi sloma odgovaraju
Modes of rupture correspond to
[Wed Dec 03 15:29:35 2003]
Za dvorezne spojeve uzima se najmanja proračunana vrijednost od
For two-sheer sectioned connections the smallest calculated value is taken
[Wed Dec 03 15:33:50 2003]
Mogući modovi sloma spojeva:
Possible modes of rupture of connections:
[Wed Dec 03 15:33:50 2003]
u gornjem su redu prikazani modovi razaranja jednoreznih spojeva, a u donjem modovi razaranja dvoreznih spojeva
the top row shows the modes of destruction of single-sheer sectioned joints, and the bottom row shows the modes of destruction of two-sheer sectioned joints
[Wed Dec 03 15:36:14 2003]
promjer čavla ili trna
diameter of a nail or spike
[Wed Dec 03 15:36:34 2003]
moment popuštanja spajala
fastener yielding moment
[Wed Dec 03 15:40:06 2003]
Kod spojeva drveta s drvetom ili spojeva drva i panelke karakteristični kapacitet nosivosti nalazi se uvrštenjem odgovarajućih karakterističnih vrijednosti materijala
In case of connections of wood with wood, or connections of wood and block-boards, the characteristic bearing capacity is found by including characteristic values of material
[Wed Dec 03 15:42:31 2003]
Projektne nosivosti nalaze se uvrštenjem projektnih svojstava materijala
Design bearing capacities are found by including design material properties
[Wed Dec 03 15:45:28 2003]
U slučajevima kad je nosivost određena samo čvrstoćom drveta (dakle, za modove sloma I), odnos između projektne nosivosti i karakterističnog kapaciteta nosivosti određen je iz
In cases when bearing capacity is determined only by wood's strength (that is, for modes of rupture I), the relation between the design bearing capacity and characteristic load capacity is determined from
[Wed Dec 03 15:46:45 2003]
za dugotrajna opterećenja i klase korištenja
for long-lasting loads and utilization classes
[Wed Dec 03 15:58:17 2003]
Spojevi s čeličnim vezicama:
Connections with steel straps:
[Wed Dec 03 15:58:17 2003]
drvo s čelikom
wood with steel
[Wed Dec 03 16:22:53 2003]
U jednoreznim spojevima, gdje je element broj 2 čelična ploča, uvodi se debljina čelične vezice.
In single-sheer sectioned joints, where the element number 2 is a steel plate, the thickness of the steel strap is introduced.
[Wed Dec 03 16:24:02 2003]
Ta je debljina međutim takva, da ne može doći do upetosti spajala u tu ploču, pa je moment upetosti u čeličnu vezicu na mjestu dodirne površine čelika jednak nuli.
However, the thickness however is such that it cannot come to fixity of a fastener in this panel, so the fixed-end moment in the steel strap on the place of contact with steel is equal to zero.
[Wed Dec 03 16:24:02 2003]
Kapacitet nosivosti u tom se slučaju određuje iz izraza u kojima je
Bearing capacity is, in that case, determined from expressions in which
[Wed Dec 03 16:27:28 2003]
Ako je čelična vezica razmjerno debela i trnovi tijesno pristaju u ubušene rupe u čeličnoj vezici, izraz
If the steel strap is relatively thick and spikes fit tightly into holes bored in the steel strap, the expression
[Wed Dec 03 16:37:44 2003]
EC 5 daje nešto veće vrijednosti nego što su teoretske vrijednosti za tanke ploče.
EC 5 gives values somewhat higher than theoretical values for thin panels.
[Wed Dec 03 16:37:44 2003]
Uzrok je tome smanjeno cijepanje i neki sekundarni učinci (kao što je npr. trenje), pa su pouzdaniji negoli kad su posrijedi spojevi drveta s drvetom
The cause is the reduced splitting and some secondary effects (for example, friction), so they are more reliable than when it comes to connections of wood with wood
[Wed Dec 03 16:46:00 2003]
Kod dvoreznih veza s čeličnom vezicom izvod je sličan i nosivost spoja se proračunava kao
In case of two-sheer sectioned connections with a steel strap, the derivation is similar and bearing capacity of the connection is calculated as
[Wed Dec 03 16:48:06 2003]
Za spoj s obostranim čeličnim vezicama nosivost se proračunava iz
For connections with two-sided steel straps, bearing capacity is calculated from
[Wed Dec 03 16:50:46 2003]
Teoretski se moment popuštanja trnova i vijaka od mekog čelika, s granicom popuštanja
In theory, yield moment of spikes and screws made of mild steel, with the yield point
[Wed Dec 03 16:59:54 2003]
Za čavle, vijke za drvo i trnove od posebnog čelika potrebno je prethodno pokusima odrediti čvrstoću momenta popuštanja u skladu s ES EN 409.
For nails, lag screws and spikes made from special steel, prior to tests it is necessary to determine the strength of the yield moment in accordance with ES EN 409.
[Wed Dec 03 17:00:09 2003]
Brojna su istraživanja rađena u Njemačkoj.
Plenty of research was carried out in Germany.
[Wed Dec 03 17:00:09 2003]
Na osnovi tih pokusa EC 5 dopušta izraz
Based on those experiments, EC 5 allows the expression
[Wed Dec 03 17:03:19 2003]
Čvrstoća upetosti cilindričnih spajala
Restraint strength of cylindrical fasteners
[Wed Dec 03 17:04:06 2003]
maksimalno opterećenje
maximum load
[Wed Dec 03 17:04:21 2003]
promjer
diameter
[Thu Dec 04 10:01:21 2003]
Za vijke, trnove i slična spajala vrijednosti koje su dobivene odnose se na opterećenja u smjeru vlakanaca drveta
For screws, spikes and similar fasteners, values obtained relate to loads in the direction of wood fibers
[Thu Dec 04 10:02:58 2003]
Za opterećenje koje djeluje pod kutom prema vlaknima
For load which acts under an angle to fibers
[Thu Dec 04 10:27:51 2003]
Valja napomenuti da smo prema istim načelima proračunavali nosivosti spojeva već niz godina koristeći se metodom konačnih elemenata sa FEA programima STRUDL ICES i COSMOS-M (9).
It should be mentioned that we calculated bearing capacities of connections according to the same principles for a number of years, using the finite element method with FEA programs STRUDL ICES and COSMOS-M (9).
[Thu Dec 04 10:28:57 2003]
Obzirom na složenost odabira relevantne nosivosti spajala, izrađen je MS BASIC program koji na osnovu odabira izražava nosivost spajala, ali i raspored spajala u spoju (12).
Considering the complexity of selecting relevant fastener capacity, MS BASIC program was made, which on the basis of selection expresses the fastener capacity, and also the arrangement of fasteners in the connection (12).
[Thu Dec 04 10:29:33 2003]
Program nije cjelovito testiran.
The program is not completely tested.
[Thu Dec 04 10:29:33 2003]
Ove se analize nosivosti elegantno provode programima STEP 5
These bearing capacity analyses are elegantly carried out with programs STEP 5
[Thu Dec 04 10:42:16 2003]
Daju se samo upute za proračun nosivosti zubatih ploča GANGNAIL.
Instructions are given for the calculation of bearing capacity of toothed plates GANGNAIL.
[Thu Dec 04 10:47:16 2003]
Ostala patentna i druga spajala nisu pobrojana, već je definiranje karakterističnih vrijednosti nosivosti spajala prepušteno atestiranju i laboratorijskim istraživanjima, što trebaju naručiti proizvođači tih spajala u ovlaštenim laboratorijima za ispitivanje materijala i konstrukcija.
Other patent and other fasteners are not listed, but defining of characteristic values of fastener capacities is left to certification and laboratory research, which should be ordered by manufacturers of those fasteners in accredited laboratories for material and structure testing.
[Thu Dec 04 10:47:27 2003]
Ti su atesti ograničeni na određeno vrijeme, i u njima se daju sve podrobne upute o njihovoj primjeni i načinima proračuna spojeva u kojima se primjenjuju.
Those certificates are limited to a determined period, and they come with detailed instructions about their use and methods of calculations of connections in which they are used.
[Thu Dec 04 10:47:27 2003]
Sva spajala moraju imati ateste
All fasteners must have a certificate
[Thu Dec 04 10:50:42 2003]
Spojevi s čavlima
Connections with nails
[Thu Dec 04 10:58:48 2003]
EC5 regulira pitanje primjene čavala do promjera d=8 mm s promjerom glave > 2d, a za spojeve drvo-drvo i drvo-šperploča
EC5 regulates the question of the use of nails to the diameter of d=8 mm, with the diameter of the head > 2d, for connections of wood-wood and wood-plywood
[Thu Dec 04 11:01:09 2003]
kod spojeva s čavlima u drvu gustoće
in case of connections with nails in the wood of density
[Thu Dec 04 11:10:59 2003]
minimalne dubine zabijanja čavala pregledno su prikazane u tablici.
minimal piling depths of nails are thoroughly presented in the table.
[Thu Dec 04 11:10:59 2003]
One su potrebne radi sprječavanja mogućnosti čupanja čavala
They are required in order to prevention the possibility of plucking the nails
[Thu Dec 04 11:13:59 2003]
kod kvadratičnih čavala za d se prema EC5 uzima dužina stranice
in case of square nails, according to EC5 d is taken as the length of a side
[Thu Dec 04 11:15:45 2003]
razmaci čavala kao i definicije u vezi s njima su u EC5 propisani, a dani su u tablici
nail gaps, as well as definitions related to them are specified in EC5, and they are given in the table
[Thu Dec 04 11:24:05 2003]
čavli ukucani u čelo drvenog elementa (presjek okomit na uzdužnu os elementa) mogu se primijeniti samo za određene svrhe, na primjer kod dasaka prikucanih na čelo greda.
nails hammered in the front of a wooden element (section perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the element) can be used only for particular purposes, for example, with boards nailed to the front of a beam.
[Thu Dec 04 11:24:05 2003]
U tom slučaju se nosivost čavla Rd smanjuje na 1/3, dok se nosivost u pravcu čavla ne može koristiti
In that case, bearing capacity of nails RD is reduced to 1/3, while bearing capacity in the direction of the nail cannot be used
[Thu Dec 04 11:27:43 2003]
Tablica minimalnih dubina zabijanja glatkih i naročitih čavala
Table of minimal piling depths of smooth and special nails
[Thu Dec 04 11:47:04 2003]
Kod spojeva sa čavlima bez bušenja postoji mogućnost cijepanja drva čime se smanjuje njihova nosivost.
In case of connections with nails, without drilling there is a possibility of wood chopping which reduces their bearing capacity.
[Thu Dec 04 11:47:04 2003]
Kako bi se to izbjeglo potrebno je uvažiti minimalne debljine elemenata u funkciji debljine čavla za zabijanje prema sljedećem
In order to avoid that, it is necessary to acknowledge minimal thickness of the element, in the function of the thickness of the nail for driving in, according to the following
[Thu Dec 04 11:48:53 2003]
karakteristična vrijednost gustoće drva u
characteristic value of wood density in
[Thu Dec 04 11:54:05 2003]
Višerezni spojevi
Multi-sheer sectioned connections
[Thu Dec 04 12:09:46 2003]
Ukupna nosivost višereznih spojeva određuje se kao zbroj najmanjih nosivosti svih reznih ravnina.
Total bearing capacity of multicutting connections is defined as the sum of smallest bearing capacities of all cutting planes.
[Thu Dec 04 12:11:32 2003]
Vrijednost za dimenzioniranje Rd u (N) po reznoj ravnini određuje se po opisanim izrazima za dvorezne spojeve.
The value for dimensioning RD in (N) along the cutting plane is determined according to the described expressions for two-sheer section connections.
[Thu Dec 04 12:11:32 2003]
Za objašnjenje je na slici prikazan jedan četverorezni spoj drvo-čelični lim
As an explanation, the picture shows one four-cutting wood-steel sheet joint
[Thu Dec 04 12:24:12 2003]
Sa A označena vanjska ravnina promatra se kao dio dvoreznog spoja s vanjskim debelim čeličnim limom.
Outer plane marked with A is observed as a part of the two-sheer sectioned connection with the outer thick steel sheet.
[Thu Dec 04 12:24:12 2003]
Za proračun vrijednosti za dimenzioniranje nosivosti mjerodavan je izraz
The following expression is relevant for the calculation of values for capacity dimensioning
[Thu Dec 04 12:38:09 2003]
Izrazi za vanjske debele limove ovdje će se upotrijebiti neovisno o raspoloživoj debljini.
Expressions for outer thick sheet metals will here be used independent of the available thickness.
[Thu Dec 04 12:38:09 2003]
Stvarnim položajem upuštenih tankih limova formiraju se deformirane figure analogno kao kod debelih limova
The real position of recessed tin metal sheets forms deformed figures, analogous as with thick sheet metals
[Thu Dec 04 12:40:49 2003]
Sa B označena unutrašnja rezna ravnina promatra se kao dio dvoreznog spoja s vanjskim debelim čeličnim limom
Interior cutting plane marked with B is observed as a part of the two-sheer sectioned connection with the outer thick steel sheet
[Thu Dec 04 12:49:22 2003]
Izrazi za vanjske debele limove upotrijebit će se neovisno o raspoloživoj debljini.
Expressions for outer thick sheet metals will be used independent of the available thickness.
[Thu Dec 04 12:49:22 2003]
Stvarnim položajem upuštenih tankih limova formiraju se deformirane figure kao kod debelih limova
The real position of recessed tin metal sheets forms deformed figures as with thick sheet metals
[Thu Dec 04 13:00:01 2003]
Ovdje se formira plastični zglob u reznoj ravnini kao kod spojeva s debelim vanjskim limom.
A plastic hinge in the cutting plane is formed here, as with connections with the thick outer sheet metal.
[Thu Dec 04 14:16:27 2003]
Primjenom navedenih kombinacija formula dobiju se za sve moguće slučajeve sloma kontinuirane deformacijske figure spajala.
By using the mentioned combinations of formulas, you can obtain continued deformative figures of fasteners for all possible cases of fracture.
[Thu Dec 04 14:16:27 2003]
Vrijednost za dimenzioniranje nosivosti jednog štapastog moždanika (trna) iznosi
Value for the capacity dimensioning of one rod dowel (spike) is
[Thu Dec 04 14:25:43 2003]
Iz navedenih mnogobrojnih formula vidljivo je znatno povećanje vremena proračuna za dimenzioniranje mjerodavne minimalne vrijednosti Rd jednog spajala u spoju.
From numerous formulas mentioned, it is easy to notice a considerable increase in time of calculation for the dimensioning of relevant minimum value RD of one fastener in the connection.
[Thu Dec 04 14:26:18 2003]
Pojednostavljenja su gotovo besmislena jer mase uporabljenog drva utječu na čvrstoću po omotaču rupe, a one su za razne botaničke vrste i klase različite.
Simplifications are almost meaningless, because masses of used wood influence the strength along the covering of the hole, and they are different for various species and classes.
[Thu Dec 04 14:26:19 2003]
Za proračun vrijednosti Rd svakako se preporuča primjena računala
For calculation of the value RD, the use of computers is most certainly recommend
[Thu Dec 04 14:29:29 2003]
Tablica minimalnih razmaka čavala prema EC5 za slučajeve primjene
Table of minimum nail gaps according to EC5 for utilization cases
[Thu Dec 04 14:38:19 2003]
Minimalni razmaci čavla za šperploče:
Minimum nail gaps for plywoods:
[Thu Dec 04 14:38:19 2003]
vrijednosti u tablici množimo s
values in the table are multiplied with
[Thu Dec 04 14:42:26 2003]
Minimalni razmaci za šperploču iznose
Minimum gaps for plywood are
[Thu Dec 04 14:44:25 2003]
Minimalni razmaci čavala u spojevima drvo-čelična ploča:
Minimum nail gaps in connections wood-steel plate:
[Thu Dec 04 14:44:25 2003]
vrijednosti u tablici množeno s
values in the table are multiplied by
[Thu Dec 04 14:45:34 2003]
Vrijednosti u tablici vrijede i za aksijalno opterećene čavle
Values in the table also apply to axially loaded nails
[Thu Dec 04 14:55:38 2003]
Kod spojeva sa čavlima bez bušenja postoji mogućnost cijepanja drva čime se smanjuje njihova nosivost.
In case of connections with nails without drilling, there is a possibility of wood chopping which diminishes their bearing capacity.
[Thu Dec 04 14:55:38 2003]
Kako bi se to izbjeglo potrebno je uvažiti minimalne debljine elemenata u funkciji debljine čavla za zabijanje kao što je ranije navedeno
In order to avoid that, it is necessary to acknowledge minimum element thickness in the function of thickness the nail for driving in, as mentioned before
[Thu Dec 04 15:01:23 2003]
je kut između pravca sile i pravca vlakana drva
is the angle between the direction of force and the direction of wood grain
[Thu Dec 04 15:02:52 2003]
razmaci u pravcu i okomito na pravac vlakana
distances in the direction of and perpendicular to the direction of fibers
[Thu Dec 04 15:14:29 2003]
Ako se čavli zabijaju u srednji element obostrano s preklapanjem, a bez bušenja rupa, minimalna debljina srednjeg elementa mora biti
If nails are hammered into the central element on both sides with overlapping, and without drillings holes, minimum thickness of the central element must be
[Thu Dec 04 15:19:21 2003]
Prema EC5 kod većeg broja čavala u jednom redu više nije potrebno reducirati njihovu nosivost
According to EC5, in case of a larger number of nails in one row, it is not necessary to reduce their bearing capacity
[Thu Dec 04 15:21:02 2003]
Čavli se moraju zabijati okomito na pravac vlakana
Nails must be driven in perpendicularly to the direction of fibers
[Thu Dec 04 15:24:51 2003]
Promjer rupe u drvu bušene za ugradnju čavala treba biti 0,9 d.
Diameter of a hole bored in wood for nail placing should be 0,9 d.
[Thu Dec 04 15:26:45 2003]
Rupe u čeličnom limu mogu biti do 1 mm veće od promjera čavala (NAD).
Holes in steel sheets can be 1 mm larger than diameters of nails (NAD).
[Thu Dec 04 15:26:45 2003]
EC5 ovo pitanje ne regulira, ali se nastavlja praksa prema postojećim (NAD) propisima
EC5 does not regulate this issue, but practice in accordance with the existing (NAD) regulations is continued
[Thu Dec 04 15:33:47 2003]
Opterećenje okomito na uzdužnu os čavla
Load perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of a nail
[Thu Dec 04 15:36:49 2003]
Proračun vrijednosti za dimenzioniranje nosivosti izvodi se prema izrazima u poglavlju
Calculation of values for capacity dimensioning is carried out according to the expressions in chapter
[Thu Dec 04 15:41:12 2003]
Kod dvoreznih spojeva to je međutim manja debljina tog elementa i dubina zabijanja čavla
However, in case of two-sheer sectioned connections, that is smaller thickness of that element and nail piling depth
[Thu Dec 04 15:55:09 2003]
Jednadžbe vrijede za utjecaje okomito na pravac čavla za spojeve drvo-drvo i drvo-šperploča osima za čvrstoću po omotaču rupe kod šperploče i manjeg razmaka čavala kod istih ploča.
Equations are valid for impacts perpendicular to the direction of nails for connections wood-wood and wood-plywood, except for strength along the covering of the hole in case of plywood, and smaller nail gap in case of same panels.
[Thu Dec 04 15:55:09 2003]
Za ove slučajeve nisu do sada postavljeni izrazi za proračun čvrstoće po omotaču rupa
For these cases, expressions for the calculation of strengths along the inner hole bolt lining have not been set yet
[Thu Dec 04 16:00:43 2003]
Ovdje je bilo moguće navesti samo nešto od radikalnih promjena.
We were able to mention only some of the radical changes.
[Thu Dec 04 16:04:30 2003]
Uglavnom su promjene sveobuhvatne i imat će velikih (i za sada još nesagledivih?)
Changes are mostly wide-ranging and they will have large (and for now still unforeseeable?)
[Thu Dec 04 16:04:30 2003]
implikacija za projekt, proračune i dokaze nosivosti te za upotrebljivosti drvenih konstrukcija
) implications for the project, calculation and proofs of bearing capacity, and for usability of wooden structures
[Thu Dec 04 16:23:53 2003]
Izlaz su iz tog stanja strojno orijentirano pisane norme te razvoj orijentiranih programa i ekspertnih sustava.
A way out this situation are machine-oriented written standards and the development of oriented programs and expert systems.
[Thu Dec 04 16:29:58 2003]
Anticipirajući te norme, već je prije nekoliko godina razvijen ekspertni sustav HALOP, koji u sebi ima ugrađena pravila Eurocode 5 za projekt drvenih (i čeličnih) konstrukcija, koristeći se GURU ekspertnom ljuskom (8) i neuralnom mrežom.
Anticipating those standards, few years ago the expert system HALOP was developed, which containes Eurocode 5 rules for the design of wooden (and steel) structures, using GURU expert shell (8) and neural network.
[Thu Dec 04 16:35:46 2003]
Ekspertni sustav autonomno, cjenovno optimalno, projektira 3D konstrukcije jednobrodnih hala od izbornog pokrova, drvenih podrožnica, lameliranih trapeznih nosača, čeličnih stupova od valjanih I profila i betonskih temelja, s X čeličnim ukrutama od okruglih čeličnih šipki, a na osnovu zadane geografske lokacije, nosivosti tla i pristupačnih cijena materijala.
Expert system autonomously and price optimally designs 3D structures of single-nave halls from elective covering, wooden purlins, laminated trapezoidal beams, steel columns of rolled I profile and concrete foundations, with X steel stiffeners from round steel bars, on the basis of given geographic location, bearing capacity of ground and admissible cost of material.
[Thu Dec 04 16:36:13 2003]
Od tada je malo urađeno na tom polju, osim što su napisana skripta za studente u kojima se obrazlažu novi načini proračuna i što je izdana prva knjiga uvoda u proračun drvenih konstrukcija (9,10).
Little has been done on that field since than, except that lecture notes for students were written in which new methods of calculation are explained, and the first books of introduction into wooden structure calculation was published (9,10).
[Thu Dec 04 16:38:44 2003]
Što se pak tiče normizacije, tijekom 1992.
When it comes to standardization, in 1992
[Thu Dec 04 16:38:44 2003]
godine upućen je Prijedlog prvog hrvatskog standarda i Komentar Eurocode-a 5 (2,7) Zavodu za standardizaciju Republike Hrvatske
When it comes to standardization, in 1992 the Proposal for the first Croatian standard and the Comment to Eurocode 5 (2,7) was sent to the Croatian Office for Standardization
[Thu Dec 04 16:43:01 2003]
Praktične provjere elemenata i spojeva izvode se u praksi s programima STEP 5 (EXCELL 5), koji se mogu nabaviti od Informationdienst HOLZ, Fachverlag Holz.
Practical tests of elements and connections are carried out in practice with programs STEP 5 (EXCELL 5), which can be obtained from Informationdienst HOLZ, Fachverlag Holz.
