Svi prijevodi dobiveni su uz pomoć NeuroTran-a. Interaktivni mod NeuroTran-a korišten je od strane osobe koja je stručni prevoditelj. Greške koje se neminovno javljaju u NeuroTran prijevodu stručni prevoditelj je automatski ispravljao. Prevođenje uz pomoć NeuroTran-a može uštedjeti više od 85% vremena pri prevođenju tekstova od kratkih do dugih.

Više o NeuroTran® softveru možete doznati na web stranici: http://www.tranexp.hr/NeuroTran.html

NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:

[Mon Dec 01 15:43:58 2003]
ES na osnovama mutne (fuzzy) logike neuralnih sustava za donošenje odluka u popravcima armiranobetonskih mostova razvili su u Japanu H.
The ES based on (fuzzy) logic of neural decision-making systems in repairworks of reinforced concrete bridges were developed in Japan by H.

[Mon Dec 01 15:44:03 2003]
Furuta, J.
Furuta, J.

[Mon Dec 01 15:44:09 2003]
He, E.
He, E.

[Mon Dec 01 15:44:10 2003]
Watanabe i M.
Watanabe and M.

[Mon Dec 01 15:45:21 2003]
Umano.
Umano.

[Mon Dec 01 18:10:06 2003]
Sustav posjeduje mogućnost učenja na primjerima.
System has a possibility of learning on examples.

[Tue Dec 02 10:17:46 2003]
ES na osnovama mutne (fuzzy) logike neuralnih sustava za donošenje odluka u popravcima armiranobetonskih mostova razvili su u Japanu H.
The ES based on (fuzzy) logic of neural decision-making systems for repairworks of reinforced concrete bridges were developed in Japan by H.

[Tue Dec 02 10:17:49 2003]
Furuta, J.
Furuta, J.

[Tue Dec 02 10:17:53 2003]
He, E.
He, E.

[Tue Dec 02 10:17:54 2003]
Watanabe i M.
Watanabe and M.

[Tue Dec 02 10:18:24 2003]
Umano.
Umano.

[Tue Dec 02 10:20:43 2003]
Sustav posjeduje mogućnost učenja na primjerima.
The system has the possibility of learning on examples.

[Tue Dec 02 10:21:09 2003]
Ovaj se ES razvio zbog nedostataka dovoljno specijaliziranih stručnjaka koji bi mogli donositi odluke o velikom broju mostova na cestovnoj mreži Japana.
This ES was developed because of a lack of adequately specialized experts who could make decisions about numerous bridges on the road network of Japan.

[Tue Dec 02 10:24:10 2003]
U stvari, to je jedan kontinuiran dugogodišnji razvoj ES.
In fact, it is one continuous longtime development of the ES.

[Tue Dec 02 10:24:10 2003]
Ovaj sustav uzima u obzir opterećenja (bilo ekstremna, sudare ili neadekvatni raspored elemenata roštilja), projektne čimbenike kao neodgovarajuću visinu presjeka nosača, nedostatak količine armature, nedostatak razdjelne armature, neodgovarajući raspored poprečnih nosača i ukruta, dodatne momente od slijeganja ležajeva
This system considers loads (extreme loads, collisions or inadequate arrangement of grid elements), project factors as an inappropriate section height of a beam, lack of armature quantity, lack of divided reinforcements, inappropriate arrangement of beamcross girders and bracings, additional torques from settling of bearings

[Tue Dec 02 10:31:07 2003]
Uzima se u obzir konstruktivne uvjete kao što su loša kvaliteta cementa, slaba kompakcija betona, nedostatna njega konstruktivnih rešaka, nedostatak zaštitnog sloja betona.
What is taken into consideration are constructive conditions such as poor quality of cement, weak compaction of concrete, insufficient protection of constructive slots, and a lack of concrete cover.

[Tue Dec 02 10:31:55 2003]
Također uzima u obzir i čimbenike kao što su slanost i sol, loše dreniranje, pomicanje podkonstrukcija, djelovanje alkaličnih materijala.
Taken into firther consideration are such factors as salinity and salt, poor dreinage, shifting of substructure, and the activity of alkaline materials.

[Tue Dec 02 10:37:31 2003]
Sustav se sastoji od baze pravila (koja se može podijeliti na 12 glavnih poglavlja:
The system is comprised of regulation base (which can be divided into 12 main chapters:

[Tue Dec 02 10:39:05 2003]
za rezoniranje o oštećenjima (31), pravila za ustanovljavanje uzroka oštećenja (223 pravila), za model oštećenja (5), pravila za vrednovanje stupnja pukotina (55), za procjenu oštećenja kolnika (37), za procjenu stupnja oštećenja armature (4), za procjenu oštećenja betona (20 pravila), za procjenu stupnja oštećenja konstrukcije (20), za ocjenu općeg stupnja oštećenja (187 pravila), za ocjenu propagirajućeg oštećenja mosta (28), pravila za odabir postupka popravka (31 pravilo), pravila za ispis rezultata analize (51 pravilo) i četiri slojne neuralne mreže koje se treniralo na primjerima).
for reasoning about damages (31), rules for establishing the causes of damages (223 rules), for the model of damages (5), rules for evaluation of crack level (55), for evaluation of roadway damages (37), for evaluation of armature damage level (4), for evaluation of concrete damages (20 rules), for evaluation of construction damage level (20), for evaluation of general damage level (187 rules), for evaluation of the propagatory bridge damages (28), rules for the choice of repairwork procedure (31 rule), rules for the analysis printout (51 rule) and four layered neural networks which were trained on examples).

[Tue Dec 02 10:39:05 2003]
Smatra se da nije moguće efikasno održavanje mostova bez vrednovanja ES koji su zasnovani na teoretskim osnovama i na heuristici
It is believed that it is impossible to efficiently upkeep the bridges without evaluation of the ES which are based on theoretical foundations and on the heuristic

[Tue Dec 02 10:43:24 2003]
U ovu grupu ES može se ubrojiti i ES za popravak i održavanje drvenih rešetki (tipa Warren), kojih ima podosta nad hangarima kanadskog vojnog zrakoplovstva, i koji stoga predstavljaju veliko materijalno dobro.
This group of the ES can also include the ES for repair and upkeep of trellisworks (Warren type), many of which can be found over the hangars of the Canadian military air force, and which therefore represent a great material benefit.

[Tue Dec 02 10:43:28 2003]
Taj sustav ocjene nosivosti, upotrebljivosti i načina pojačanja kreirali su G.
This system of bearing capacity evaluation, usability, and the way of reinforcement was created by G.

[Tue Dec 02 10:43:29 2003]
Akhras i S.
Akhras and S.

[Tue Dec 02 10:43:30 2003]
H.
H.

[Tue Dec 02 10:43:45 2003]
C.
C.

[Tue Dec 02 10:46:40 2003]
Foo sa Vojnog koledža u Kingstonu (ON Canada).
Foo from the Military college in Kingston (ON Canada).

[Tue Dec 02 10:47:17 2003]
Sustav je objektno orijentiran, a i grafički (i slikovno) orijentiran te ima opsežnu slikovnu bazu usporednih podataka (fotografija i crteža), tako da se vrednovanje i sustav i način ojačanja obavlja vrlo lako i brzo.
The system is object-oriented, and also graphically (and figuratively) orientated, and has an extensive figurative base of comparative data (photographs and drawings), so that evaluation of the system and the method of reinforcement can be done very easily and quickly.

[Tue Dec 02 10:47:17 2003]
Razvoj ES financiralo je Nacionalno vijeće obrane Kanade
Development of the ES was financed by the National Council of Defense in Canada

[Tue Dec 02 10:50:01 2003]
Veliko područje primjene ES su procesiranja standarda.
A large field of application of the ES are the processings of standards.

[Tue Dec 02 10:50:13 2003]
Značajan rad na tom području je i disertacija Ž.
Important work in this field is a dissertation of Ž.

[Tue Dec 02 10:50:23 2003]
Turka (Sveučilište Ljubljana).
Turk (Ljubljana University).

[Tue Dec 02 10:51:15 2003]
U tom smislu J.
To that effect, J.

[Tue Dec 02 10:53:37 2003]
Garrett i suradnici razvijaju standardne procesore standarda, kao dijela procesa automatskog dizajna.
Garrett and his associates are developing standard processors, as a part of a process of automatic design.

[Tue Dec 02 10:54:50 2003]
Vrlo je zanimljiv i prijedlog Garretove grupe da se uvede funkcija brokera za standarde (koji se mijenjaju velikom brzinom), te je praćenje inovacija standarda vrlo otežano.
Very interesting is a suggestion of Garret's groups to introduce the function of a standards broker (these standards change rapidly), and tracking the standards innovations is very difficult.

[Tue Dec 02 10:57:02 2003]
U okvirima WWW mreže predviđa se instanca brokera (29,30) za razmjene podataka.
Within frameworks of a WWW network we can predict the broker instance (29,30) for data exchange.

[Tue Dec 02 10:57:02 2003]
Vjerojatno će pozivanje brokera za standarde biti standardna rutina svih budućih programa za projektiranje bilo kojeg građevinskog objekta
It is likely that calling the standards brokers will become a standard routine for all future designing programs of any building object

[Tue Dec 02 11:01:22 2003]
Jedno pitanje moguće primjene ES i posebice neuralnih mreža je primjena u samoreguliranju konstrukcija.
One question of possible use of the ES, and especially of neural networks, is the use in the self-regulation of constructions.

[Tue Dec 02 11:02:32 2003]
Na Građevinskom fakultetu u Zagrebu razvijena je neuralna mreža (ANN) trenirana na ručnoj (humanoj) regulaciji progiba digitalnog FE modela mosta preko kojeg prelaze slučajno (random) generirana vozila.
On the Faculty ff Civil Engineering in Zagreb a neural network has been developed (ANN) and it was trained on manual (human) regulation of deflection of digital FE bridge model across which randomly generated vehicles move over.

[Tue Dec 02 11:02:32 2003]
Ova pitanja su značajna za uštedu energije u građenim objektima, kao i omogućavanje gradnje megakatnih zgrada
These questions are important for energy saving in built objects, as well as for enabling the building of megafloor structures

[Tue Dec 02 11:07:43 2003]
Razvijaju se i sofisticirani ES (ATM) za raspoznavanje oblika i lica.
Under development are also the sophisticated ES (ATM) for recognition of shapes and faces.

[Tue Dec 02 11:08:25 2003]
Razvijen je ATM sistem (automatski blagajnički sustav) sigurnog prepoznavanja ljudi pomoću posebne biometričke tehnologije koja prepoznaje lica osoba preko raspoznavanja termozračenja matrice krvnih žila na licu osoba, što je sigurnije od raspoznavanja preko matrice oblika i boja zjenice i šarenice ili preko raspoznavanja glasa (Computerworld 06/01/98).
The ATM system (automatic teller system) for accurate recognizing of people was developed with the help of special biometric technology which recognizes faces of individuals through recognition of thermoradiation of a matrix of arteries on the face of an individual, which is more accurate from the recognition through the matrix of shapes and colors of pupils and irises, or through voice recognition (Computerworld 06/01/98).

[Tue Dec 02 11:08:46 2003]
Raspoznavanje struktura građevina i konstrukcija je za taj sustav sasvim trivijalno.
Recognition of civil engineering structures and constructions is quite trivial for this system.

[Tue Dec 02 11:08:46 2003]
Međutim potrebno je formirati velike baze podataka
However, it is necessary to form extensive databases

[Tue Dec 02 11:09:20 2003]
Zaključak kao vizija budućnosti
Conclusion as a vision of future

[Tue Dec 02 11:12:03 2003]
Očito je da se krećemo velikom brzinom k novom informatičkom društvu, povezanog elektronskim medijima, mrežama i instantnim odlučivanjima (16).
It is evident that we are moving rapidly toward a new Information Society, interrelated by electronic media, networks and instant decision-making (16).

[Tue Dec 02 11:12:47 2003]
Govori se dapače i o postinformatičkom društvu.
Moreover, there are rumours about postinformational society.

[Tue Dec 02 11:14:23 2003]
Cijeli splet pojavnosti i zakona koje poznajemo, brzo zastarijeva.
The entire set of appearances and laws which we are familiar with, is quickly becoming obsolete.

[Tue Dec 02 11:14:42 2003]
Granice znanja se brzo pomiču i postojeće znanje brzo zastarijeva (45,46).
Boundaries of knowledge are moving fast and the existing knowledge is becoming outdated (45,46).

[Tue Dec 02 11:16:28 2003]
Mnogi stručnjaci toga nisu još svjesni.
Many experts are not yet aware of this.

[Tue Dec 02 11:17:44 2003]
!!!Na žalost, mi nismo iskoristili šansu sadašnje obnove za uključivanje u te buduće (ali i sad postojeće) i prepoznatiljve trendove, "preskačući vjekove" samozadovoljnog zaostajanja.
Unfortunately, we have missed our chance of current reconstruction for joining these forthcoming (but also now existing) and recognizable trends, " skipping centuries " of self-complacent delay.

[Tue Dec 02 11:23:32 2003]
Unatoč tome, našim uključivanjem u EZ doći će do drastičnih promjena u naziranjima, navikama i lomova u razmišljanjima.
In spite of this, our joining into the EC will bring drastic changes in opinions, habits and breaches in thinking.

[Tue Dec 02 11:24:19 2003]
To će nas sa zakašnjenjem uvesti u bespoštednu konkurentsku utrku, koja će favorizirati nove oblike razmjena informacija, nove medije, nove metodologije pristupa dizajnu i izvođenju, favorizirati će bolje korištenje materijalnih i energetskih resursa, zaštitu okoliša, promatranje integralnog, a ne posebnog, pa stoga i nove postupke prethodne vizualizacije buduće stvarnosti.
This will belatedly launch us into the unsparing competive race, which will favor new forms of information exchange, new media, new methodologies in approaching the design and performance, it will favor a better use of material and energy resources, environmental protection, observation of integral, and not particular, and therefore the new procedures of the previous visualisation of forthcoming reality.

[Tue Dec 02 11:24:19 2003]
To ne mora izgledati jako atraktivno današnjim konstruktorima, ali je sve to neumitan slijed civilizacijskog razvoja
This may not seem very attractive to contemporary constructors, but it is the unyielding course of civilizational development

[Tue Dec 02 11:28:00 2003]
Pogled na montažu drvene konstrukcije krovišta crkve u Zaprešiću (2001.)
View of the assembly of a wooden structure roof of a church in Zaprešić (2001.)

[Tue Dec 02 11:28:00 2003]
. Obratiti pažnju na detalj prostornog spoja elemenata GLULAM nosača, čiji je detalj prikazan na slici 4.12
Take note of the detail of a spatial connection of GLULAM structure elements, whose detail was presented on Figure 4.12

[Tue Dec 02 11:31:14 2003]
Pogled na detalj spoja GLULAM nosača prostorne konstrukcije krovišta crkve u Zaprešiću za vrijeme montaže krovne konstrukcije.
Detail of GLULAM structure joint of spatial structure of a roof of a church in Zaprešić during the assembling of a roof structure.

[Tue Dec 02 11:31:14 2003]
Izvedba i montaža GAJ - Voćin
Performance and assembly GAJ - Voćin

[Tue Dec 02 11:33:15 2003]
Detalj prostornog metalnog čvora u kojem se susreću osam elemenata.
Detail of the spatial metal knot in which there are eight elements.

[Tue Dec 02 11:33:24 2003]
U proračunima je to samo fizička točka - čvor, dok su to u naravi elementi znatnih dimenzija.
In calculations it is only a physical point - a knot, but in reality those are the elements of considerable dimensions.

[Tue Dec 02 11:33:35 2003]
Proračun i projekt M.
Calculation and project by M.

[Tue Dec 02 11:33:36 2003]
Haiman, CAD crteži izvedbenog projekta ing.
Haiman, CAD drawings of executional project eng.

[Tue Dec 02 11:33:42 2003]
B.
B.

[Tue Dec 02 11:34:02 2003]
Papac, (na slici desno).
Papac, (on the picture right).

[Tue Dec 02 11:34:02 2003]
Izvedba i montaža GAJ - Voćin
Performance and assembly by GAJ - Voćin

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:00 2003]
(korištenje energije)
(energy use)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:01 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:05 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:05 2003]
(regenerativna energija)
(regenerative energy)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:06 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:09 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:09 2003]
(nuklearna energija)
(nuclear energy)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:10 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:13 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:17 2003]
(struja)
(electricity)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:18 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:42:18 2003]
(godine)
(years)

[Thu Dec 04 10:44:11 2003]
Simulacija korištenja energije u budućnosti, nastavak prikaza s prethodne slike.
Simulation of energy use in the future, continued presentation of the previous Figure.

[Thu Dec 04 10:44:23 2003]
Prema Bösellu, Umweltdynamik.
According to Bösell, Umweltdynamik.

[Thu Dec 04 10:44:25 2003]
Provedba dvaju simulacijskih scenarija.
Execution of two simulatory scenarios.

[Thu Dec 04 10:45:07 2003]
Lijevo:
Left:

[Thu Dec 04 10:45:09 2003]
scenarij linearne ekstrapolacije današnjeg trenda trošenja resursa, STATUS QUO scenarij.
scenario of linear extrapolation of the current trend of resource spending, STATUS QUO scenario.

[Thu Dec 04 10:45:21 2003]
Desno:
Right:

[Thu Dec 04 10:46:11 2003]
simulacija boljeg korištenja resursa.
simulation of a better resource use.

[Thu Dec 04 10:46:11 2003]
Prikazano je ukupno trošenje energije, korištenje regenerativne energije, nuklearne energije i struje
Presentation of total energy spending, use of regenerative energy, nuclear energy and electricity

[Thu Dec 04 10:54:33 2003]
Želi se ukazati, da se već pri najranijem izboru nosivog sustava mora voditi računa o elementima racionalnog dizajna, jer se racionalni dizajn ne sastoji samo u izboru optimalnog sveukupnog (sinergetskog) rješavanja cjelokupnog problema.
The objective is to show, that already at the earliest choice of bearing structure we must pay attention to the elements of rational design, because rational design does not comprise only of the choice of optimal total (synergetic) solving of the entire problem.

[Thu Dec 04 10:54:33 2003]
Insistiranje na minimalnim dimenzijama i primjeni nekih sumnjivih racionalizacija u samom činu dokaza sigurnosti, nosivosti i upotrebljivosti strukture, ne može nadoknaditi novčana sredstva koja se izgubilo lošom koncepcijom projekta
Insisting on minimum dimensions and on use of some suspicious rationalisations in the very act of the safety demonstration, capacity and structure usability, cannot compensate for the financial means lost because of a bad project conception

[Thu Dec 04 10:58:36 2003]
Drugi primjer neracionalne gradnje odnosi se na primjene tipskih hala za razne primjene.
The other example of irrational building refers to the use of standard halls for various applications.

[Thu Dec 04 10:58:38 2003]
Racionalna konstrukcija hale skladišta, garaže ili sportske dvorane nije racionalna za namjene farme pilića, a na žalost ima i toga u praksi izvođenja konstrukcija (sl.
Rational construction of a warehouse hall, a garage or a sports hall is not rational for purposes of a chicken farm, but unfortunately, it has already happened in practice of construction execution (Fig.

[Thu Dec 04 10:58:38 2003]
15.18.)
15.18.)

[Thu Dec 04 10:59:12 2003]
Slika 14.18.
Figure 14.18.

[Thu Dec 04 11:01:15 2003]
Neracionalna i racionalna struktura.
Irrational and rational structure.

[Thu Dec 04 11:01:49 2003]
Neracionalno je primijeniti tipsku konstrukciju hale za namjene kojima hala nije prilagođena.
It is irrational to apply a standard hall construction halls for purposes that do not conform with the hall.

[Thu Dec 04 11:01:49 2003]
Što je racionalno za športsku dvoranu, sigurno nije racionalno za farmu pilića!
What is rational for a sports hall, is certainly not rational for a chicken farm!

[Thu Dec 04 11:04:20 2003]
Atrij i čitaonica nove zgrade šumarskog fakulteta na UBC (University of British Columbia), Vancouver, Canada.
Atrium and reading room in the new building of Forestry College at UBC (University of British Columbia), Vancouver, Canada.

[Thu Dec 04 11:04:38 2003]
Cijela zgrada je građena od drva, metala i stakla.
The entire building is constructed from wood, metal and glass.

[Thu Dec 04 11:04:44 2003]
Korišteni su novi materijali:
The new materials were used:

[Thu Dec 04 11:09:50 2003]
PARALAM, MICROLAM i slični proizvodi.
PARALAM, MICROLAM, and similar products.

[Thu Dec 04 11:09:50 2003]
U industrijski naprednim zemljama vodi se računa o ekonomiji i ekonomičnosti građenja, štednji energije, očuvanju okoliša i naravno, investiranim sredstvima.
In industrially progressive countries, they pay much attention to the economics of building, energy saving, preservation of the environment and, of course, to the invested assets.

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:04 2003]
. Interijer stambene zgrade od drveta (Maine) Orcutt Harbor House.
. Interior of a residential wooden building (Maine) Orcutt Harbor House.

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:06 2003]
Iz Wood Design & Building, STRUCTURELAM prospektni materijal.
From Wood Design & Building, STRUCTURELAM prospect material.

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:16 2003]
Kanada.
Canada.

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:21 2003]
Arh.
Architect

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:31 2003]
: P.
Architect: P.

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:36 2003]
Forbes, Konstr.
Forbes, Constructor

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:36 2003]
: Zaldastani Assoc.
Zaldastani Assoc.

[Thu Dec 04 11:11:36 2003]
, Boston
, Boston

[Thu Dec 04 11:13:46 2003]
Detalj oslanjanja GLULAM nosača prostorne konstrukcije krovišta crkve u Zaprešiću
Detail of reinforcement of GLULAM structure of a spatial roof structure of a church in Zaprešić

[Thu Dec 04 11:15:03 2003]
Montaža drvene višekatne zgrade u Švedskoj.
Assembly of a wooden multistorey building in Sweden.

[Thu Dec 04 11:15:03 2003]
Faza montaže stropne konstrukcije.
Assembly phase of ceiling components.

[Thu Dec 04 11:18:33 2003]
Nabrojat će se samo neki sustavi, koji će sigurno unaprijediti dizajn drvenih konstrukcija od lameliranog drveta
We will mention only some systems, which will surely improve the design of wooden laminated structures

[Thu Dec 04 11:21:57 2003]
PARALLAM je proizvod od "drvenih rezanaca", dobivenih posebnom tehnologijom.
PARALLAM is a product made of "wooden threads", obtained by a special technology.

[Thu Dec 04 11:21:57 2003]
Ovi rezanci su automatski orijentirani u smjeru vlakana i posebnim postupkom prešani u četvrtaste grede, koje se piljenjem u poprečnom i uzdužnom smjeru dovode na određenu zahtijevanu duljinu
These threads are automatically oriented towards fibers and pressed into square beams by a special procedure, and then sawn transversally and longitudinally until they acquire a particular length

[Thu Dec 04 11:23:10 2003]
Opisuje se postupak, prema podacima proizvođača PARALLAM greda
The procedure is described, according to data of PARALLAM beams manufacturer

[Thu Dec 04 11:24:13 2003]
Kao sirovina koristi se drvo bora, jele ili smreke
The raw material used for this purpose is pine, fir or spruce

[Thu Dec 04 11:25:25 2003]
Nakon uobičajenog zaparivanja (kuhanja) obla se građa ljušti u furnirske listove.
After the usual steaming (cooking), the round structure is peeled into veneer sheets.

[Thu Dec 04 11:25:25 2003]
Furnirske ploče se suše i selektiraju
Veneer sheets are then dried and selected

[Thu Dec 04 11:31:44 2003]
U posebnom stroju se iz furnira istiskuje isijecanjem iverje (rezanci od drveta), duljine do 30 cm i debljine cca 2 do 3 mm
Special machine cuts out splinters from the veneer (threads of wood), long up to 30 cm, and thick approximately 2 to 3 mm

[Thu Dec 04 11:32:44 2003]
Patentiranim se postupkom odstranjuju defekti.
Patented procedure removes defects.

[Thu Dec 04 11:32:44 2003]
Dodaje se vodootporno ljepilo i drugi dodaci za zaštitu drveta
Then the waterproof glue and other supplements for wood protection are added

[Thu Dec 04 11:35:04 2003]
Posebnim se postupkom vlakna orijentiraju u jednom smjeru i prešanjem oblikuju grede.
By a special procedure fibers are orientated to one direction and pressed to form beams.

[Thu Dec 04 11:35:19 2003]
Pritom se ljepilo stabilizira i suši VF (mikrovalnom energijom).
During that process, glue is stabilized and dried on HF (microwave energy).

[Thu Dec 04 11:35:19 2003]
Postupak je kontinuiran
The procedure is continuous

[Thu Dec 04 11:37:02 2003]
Cijeli proces se automatski prati i upravlja programiranim strojevima, čime se osigurava kvaliteta:
The entire process is monitored automatically and operated by programmed machines, which insures the quality:

[Thu Dec 04 11:37:02 2003]
konzistencija, gustoća, čvrstoća, kontrolira se vlaga (oko 11%), te izgled
consistency, density, strength, controlled humidity (around 11 %), and appearance

[Thu Dec 04 11:39:14 2003]
PARALLAM PSL je fabriciran u duljinama do 20 metara i pili se na određene, standardne dimenzije (za sada u anglosaksonskim mjerama)
PARALLAM PSL is manufactured in lengths up to 20 meters, and sawn into predetermined, standard dimensions (for now, those are Anglo-Saxon measures)

[Thu Dec 04 11:40:30 2003]
Dimenzije elemenata za stupove
Dimensions of elements for columns

[Thu Dec 04 11:45:40 2003]
Postupak je patentiran.
The procedure is patented.

[Thu Dec 04 11:46:14 2003]
U razvoj je utrošeno oko 20 godina istraživanja i oko 100 milijuna dolara (MacMillan Bloedel).
About 20 years of research and about 100 million dollars (Macmillan Bloedel) was invested into the development.

[Thu Dec 04 11:46:14 2003]
U SAD postoje dvije tvornice sa oko 40 distributivnih centara u SAD i Kanadi
In the USA, there are two factories with around 40 distributive centres in the USA and Canada

[Thu Dec 04 11:47:29 2003]
Proizvodnja KERTA-LVL mnogoslojnih lijepljenih furnirskih greda je isto postupak zasnovan na proizvodnji multiplex ploča
Production of KERTA-LVL multi-layer glued veneer beams is also a procedure based on production of multiplex panels

[Thu Dec 04 11:53:50 2003]
Zaparena (24 sata kuhano) obla građa siječe se na 2 metra duge komade
Steamed (24-hour cooked) lumber is cut into 2 meter long lots

[Thu Dec 04 11:55:02 2003]
Zatim se rotaciono ljušti furnir na ploče duljine oko 3.2 mm
After that, veneer is rotationally peeled into panels about 3.2 mm long

[Thu Dec 04 11:58:41 2003]
Vrši se kontrola i selekcija te nastavljanje furnirskih ploča i formiranje određene dimenzije
After control and selection, veneer sheets are proceeded and specific dimension are formed

[Thu Dec 04 11:59:12 2003]
Furnirske se ploče suše toplim zrakom
Veneer sheets are dried on warm air

[Thu Dec 04 12:03:12 2003]
Na ploče se jednostrano nanosi fenol formaldehidno ljepilo koje je priređeno prema britanskom standardu BS 1204 dio 2, iz 1979.
Panels are singlefacedly coated with phenol formaldehyde glue, which is prepared according to the British standard BS 1204 part 2, from 1979.

[Thu Dec 04 12:04:31 2003]
Furnirske se ploče automatskim postupkom slažu s vlaknima orijentiranim u jednom smjeru
By an automatic procedure, veneer sheets are arranged with fibers oriented in one direction

[Thu Dec 04 12:04:51 2003]
Vruće prešanje na 150oC
Hot pressing at 150oC

[Thu Dec 04 12:06:21 2003]
Poprečno isijecanje na određene dimenzije (duljine maksimalno do 23 metra)
Transversal cutting into particular dimensions (maximum length up to 23 m)

[Thu Dec 04 12:06:50 2003]
Uzdužno isijecanje na standardizirane dimenzije
Longitudinal cutting into standardized dimensions

[Thu Dec 04 12:07:04 2003]
Uskladištenje i isporuka
Storage and delivery

[Thu Dec 04 12:08:50 2003]
KERTA-LVL se za sada proizvodi u Finskoj, Švedskoj, Danskoj, Norveškoj, Njemačkoj, Francuskoj, Nizozemskoj, Kanadi i SAD.
KERTA-LVL is presently produced only in Finland, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, Germany, France, Netherlands, Canada and the USA.

[Thu Dec 04 12:09:25 2003]
Kerta LVL ima vlačnu čvrstoću određenu zupčastim lijepljenim spojem.
Kerta LVL has a tensile strength determined by a finger joint.

[Thu Dec 04 12:09:53 2003]
Lagano je obradiv i vrlo otporan.
It is easily processed and very resistant.

[Thu Dec 04 15:05:35 2003]
Može se naravno lijepiti.
Of course, it can be glued.

[Thu Dec 04 15:06:09 2003]
Najveća konstrukcija u kojoj je novi materijal korišten za elemente je velika geodetska kupola sportske dvorane u OOLU u Finskoj.
The largest construction where new material were used for elements is large geodetic dome of a sports hall in OOLU in Finland.

[Thu Dec 04 15:06:09 2003]
Čvorovi ove kupole su na licu mjesta betonirani posebnim postupkom
Nodes of that dome are concreted on the spot the with special procedure

[Thu Dec 04 15:14:06 2003]
Savijanje
Bending

[Thu Dec 04 15:14:24 2003]
kao grede
as beams

[Thu Dec 04 15:14:43 2003]
Vlak
Tension

[Thu Dec 04 15:15:33 2003]
Pritisak
Pressure

[Thu Dec 04 15:16:49 2003]
na lice furnira
on the obverse side of a veneer

[Thu Dec 04 15:17:12 2003]
na rub furnira
on the edge of a veneer

[Thu Dec 04 15:17:28 2003]
Posmik paralelno vlaknima
Shear parallel to grains

[Thu Dec 04 15:18:00 2003]
Naprezanja i moduli
Stresses and modules

[Thu Dec 04 15:20:58 2003]
Slika 15.1.
Figure 15.1.

[Thu Dec 04 15:21:00 2003]
Proizvodnja PARALAM greda:
Production of PARALAM beams:

[Thu Dec 04 15:40:48 2003]
1.
1.

[Thu Dec 04 15:41:01 2003]
drvo se obara, 2.
tree is knocked down, 2.

[Thu Dec 04 15:41:18 2003]
ljušti, 3.
it is peeled off, 3.

[Thu Dec 04 16:19:14 2003]
pretvara u rezance (3x10x300 mm), 4.
it is cut into threads (3x10x300 mm), 4.

[Thu Dec 04 16:21:31 2003]
u stroju se automatski nanosi ljepilo i lijepi u kontinuirane profile, 5.
inside the machine, glue is automatically coated and glued on continuous profiles, 5.

[Thu Dec 04 16:21:45 2003]
pod elektronskom kontrolom proizvoda, te 6.
under the electronic product control, and 6.

[Thu Dec 04 16:22:21 2003]
pili u određene dimenzije.
sawn into specific dimensions.

[Thu Dec 04 16:22:21 2003]
Racionalnije korištenje drveta u građevinskoj industriji nosivih dijelova.
More rational use of timber in building industry of bearing parts.

[Thu Dec 04 16:23:49 2003]
Slika 15.2.
Figure 15.2.

[Thu Dec 04 16:24:36 2003]
Proizvodnja KERTA-LVL greda.
Production of KERTA-LVL beams.

[Thu Dec 04 16:27:09 2003]
Drvo se pili na određene duljine (1), ljušti se u oko 3 mm tanke furnirske ploče (2).
Timber is sawn into specific lengths (1), it is peeled into about 3 mm thin veneer sheets (2).

[Thu Dec 04 16:27:18 2003]
Furnir se isijeca, kontroliraju se greške (3), suši se u toplom zraku (4), nakon čega se na furnir nanosi ljepilo (5), i slaže u kontinuiranom procesu u višeslojnu kontinuiranu traku (6), koja se pod pritiskom i VF sušenjem (7) pretvara u ploču (8), koja se pili (9) u određene dimenzije (10).
Veneer is cut, faults are controled (3), it is dried on warm air (4), after which the veneer is coated with glue (5), and arranged in continuous process into multilayer continuous band (6), which, under pressure and VF drying (7) turns into a panel (8), which is sawn (9) into specific dimensions (10).

[Thu Dec 04 16:27:36 2003]
Proizvodnja je automatski regulirana i kontrolirana.
Production is automatically regulated and controlled.

[Thu Dec 04 16:27:39 2003]
Tablica svojstava građevinskih ploča:
Table of characteristics of building panels:

[Thu Dec 04 16:27:39 2003]
iverica i vlaknatica
plywoods and fiberboards

[Thu Dec 04 16:28:37 2003]
Iverice
Plywoods

[Thu Dec 04 16:28:57 2003]
Nosive
Bearing

[Thu Dec 04 16:29:51 2003]
Vlaknatice
Fiberboards

[Thu Dec 04 16:30:54 2003]
Gustoća
Density

[Thu Dec 04 16:32:01 2003]
savojna
bending

[Thu Dec 04 16:32:02 2003]
vlačna
tensile

[Thu Dec 04 16:32:18 2003]
tlačna
compression

[Thu Dec 04 16:32:29 2003]
posmik okomito na ravninu
shear vertically to flat surface

[Thu Dec 04 16:32:29 2003]
posmik u ravninu
shear into flat surface

[Thu Dec 04 16:33:23 2003]
savijanje
bending

[Thu Dec 04 16:33:23 2003]
vlak
tension

[Thu Dec 04 16:33:31 2003]
tlak
pressure

[Thu Dec 04 16:33:31 2003]
posmik okomito na ravninu
shear vertically to flat surface

[Thu Dec 04 16:33:57 2003]
Tablica modifikacijskih faktora
Modification factor table

[Thu Dec 04 16:34:35 2003]
Piljena građa, lamelirano drvo, furnirske ploče
Sawn lumber, laminated tree, veneer sheets

[Thu Dec 04 16:34:59 2003]
Visoko-nosive OSB ploče klase 3 i 4
High-bearing OSB panels of class 3 and 4

[Thu Dec 04 16:36:03 2003]
OSB iverice za nosive dijelove Kl 2.
OSB plywoods for bearing parts Kl 2.

[Thu Dec 04 16:36:03 2003]
tvrde, nosive u vlazi
hard, bearing in humid areas

[Thu Dec 04 16:36:19 2003]
Nosive iverice u
Bearing plywoods in

[Thu Dec 04 16:36:19 2003]
suhim uvjetima
dry conditions

[Thu Dec 04 16:37:18 2003]
stalno
constant

[Thu Dec 04 16:37:21 2003]
dugotrajno
long-term

[Thu Dec 04 16:37:25 2003]
srednje
medium

[Thu Dec 04 16:37:30 2003]
kratko
brief

[Thu Dec 04 16:37:30 2003]
trenutno
momentary

[Thu Dec 04 16:38:27 2003]
Tablica mehaničkih karakteristika višeslojnih furnirskih ploča
Table of mechanical characteristics of multilayer veneer plates

[Thu Dec 04 16:40:12 2003]
Tip karakteristične čvrstoće
Type of characteristic strength

[Thu Dec 04 16:41:43 2003]
S - furnirske ploče od bukovine nebrušene (švedske)
S - beechen veneer plates, unpolished (Swedish)

[Thu Dec 04 16:42:19 2003]
FIN - furnirske ploče od brezovine brušene (danske)
FIN - birch veneer sheets, polished (Denmark)

[Thu Dec 04 16:42:48 2003]
US - furnirske ploče nebrušene (USA)
US - veneer sheets, unpolished (USA)

[Thu Dec 04 16:42:54 2003]
CAN - furnirske ploče od duglazije nebrušene (kanadske)
CAN - douglas fir veneer sheets, unpolished (Canadian)

[Thu Dec 04 16:42:54 2003]
D - furnirske ploče
D - veneer sheets

[Thu Dec 04 16:45:19 2003]
Tip karakteristične čvrstoće
Type of characteristic strength

[Thu Dec 04 16:45:30 2003]
S - furnirska ploča
S - veneer plate

[Thu Dec 04 16:45:39 2003]
FIN - furnirska ploča
FIN - veneer plate

[Thu Dec 04 16:45:49 2003]
US - furnirska ploča
US - veneer plate

[Thu Dec 04 16:45:59 2003]
CAN - furnirska ploča
CAN - veneer plate

[Thu Dec 04 16:45:59 2003]
D - furnirska ploča
D - veneer plate

[Thu Dec 04 16:47:02 2003]
Slika 15.3.
Figure 15.3.

[Thu Dec 04 16:47:02 2003]
Višeslojna furnirska ploča s m slojeva furnira
Multilayer veneer plate with m of veneer layers

[Thu Dec 04 16:49:03 2003]
Kompoziti
Composite

[Fri Dec 05 11:22:30 2003]
Novi materijali i njihovi kompoziti sve se više uvode u inženjersku praksu, pa i u gradnju mostova.
New materials and their composites are being increasingly introduced in the engineering practice, and even in the building of bridges.

[Fri Dec 05 11:22:48 2003]
Prvi mostovi u kojima se koristilo napredne kompozite realizirani su pred desetak godina u USA, Bugarskoj, Izraelu i Kini.
The first bridges for which advanced composites were used have been realized ten years ago in the USA, Bulgaria, Israel and China.

[Fri Dec 05 11:23:42 2003]
Cestovni most Beijing-Miyum sagrađen je 1982.
Road bridge Beijing-Miyum was built in 1982.

[Fri Dec 05 11:24:50 2003]
Dužina mu je svega 20 metara, širina 7 metara, a visina nosača iznosi 1.67 m.
It is only 20 meters long, 7 meters wide, and the girder depth is 1.67 meters.

[Fri Dec 05 11:31:17 2003]
Most je izveden od 5 prefabriciranih sekcija koje su međusobno slijepljene na gradilištu.
Bridge was constructed of 5 prefabricated sections which were pasted together on the site.

[Fri Dec 05 11:32:00 2003]
Težina mosta je samo 300 kN, a to je svega 80% težine klasičnog armiranobetonskog mosta iste nosivosti.
Bridge weigth is only 300 kN, which is only 80 % of the weight of classic reinforced concrete bridge of the same bearing capacity.

[Fri Dec 05 11:33:04 2003]
Nema podataka o dugotrajnim promatranjima ponašanja tih konstrukcija.
There are no data about continuous monitoring of behavior of these constructions.

[Fri Dec 05 11:33:04 2003]
Smatra se da će tek u budućnosti razviti sasvim novi materijal svojstava koja će premašiti svojstva današnjih materijala
It is considered that in the future there will develop a brand-new material with characteristics which will exceed the characteristics of today's materials

[Fri Dec 05 11:38:51 2003]
Vlakna visokih modula imaju danas module elastičnosti između 480 i 700 GPa.
Fibers witih high modules today have the elastic modules between 480 and 700 GPa.

[Fri Dec 05 11:40:46 2003]
Ovi će se materijali koristiti u kabelima budućih visećih i zauzdanih mostova, za armiranje membrana i ojačanje postojećih konstrukcija.
These materials will be used in cables of future pending and bridled bridges, for reinforcing of membranes and strengthening of the existing constructions.

[Fri Dec 05 11:40:46 2003]
Već se danas armiranobetonske konstrukcije ojačavaju naljepljivanjem kabela (sloja ugljikovih niti u epoksidnoj matrici) direktno na vlačnu zonu betona
Reinforced concrete constructions are already being strengthened by pasting of cables (a layer of carbon threads in epoxy matrix) directly onto the tensile zone of a concrete

[Fri Dec 05 11:54:56 2003]
Navode se neke orijentacijske vrijednosti komercijalnih proizvoda na osnovu ugljikovih vlakana u armiranim plastikama (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics = CFRT)
There are some orientational values of commercial products based on carbon fibers in reinforced polymers (Carbon Fibre Reinforced Plastics = CFRT)

[Fri Dec 05 11:55:59 2003]
Vlačna čvrstoća
Tensile strength

[Fri Dec 05 11:56:13 2003]
Modul elastičnosti
Elastic modulus

[Fri Dec 05 11:56:49 2003]
Modul termalne ekspanzije
Modulus of thermal expansion

[Fri Dec 05 12:01:47 2003]
Prema pokusima
According to tests

[Fri Dec 05 12:09:38 2003]
Iz navedenog slijedi da ovi materijali imaju svoju buduću primjenu.
What follows from the abovementioned is that these materials will have their use in the future.

[Fri Dec 05 12:26:57 2003]
Za sada su vrlo skupi, ali se vremenom očekuje sniženje cijena.
For the present, they are very expensive, but in time we can expect price reduction.

[Fri Dec 05 12:27:56 2003]
Međutim, i danas su kabeli od CFRP niti kompetitivni kabelima od visokovrijednog čelika, ako se u cijenu gotovog ugrađenog proizvoda uračunaju cijene prijevoza i manipulacije, koje su zbog manje gustoće CFRP kabela bitno manje nego kod čeličnih kabela.
However, today the cables made from CFRP threads are competitive to cables made from highly valuable steel, if the price of finished installed product includes transportation and handling prices, which are considerably lower because of the lower density of CFRP cables compared to steel cables.

[Fri Dec 05 12:27:56 2003]
Trajnost tih današnjih materijala procjenjuje se na oko 80 do 100 (pa i više godina)
Durability of these current materials is estimated to about 80 to 100 (and even more)

[Fri Dec 05 12:32:03 2003]
Tablica podataka za Sika CarboDur laminate na osnovi ugljikovih niti.
Tables of data for Sika CarboDur laminate based on carbon threads.

[Fri Dec 05 12:33:24 2003]
Osnova ugljikova vlakna armirana epoksi matricom
Basic carbon fibers reinforced with epoxy matrix

[Fri Dec 05 12:35:33 2003]
Sadržaj vlakana u volumenu
Fiber elements in volume

[Fri Dec 05 12:36:23 2003]
Trajnost pohrane
Permanence of storing

[Fri Dec 05 12:36:39 2003]
neograničena
unlimited

[Fri Dec 05 12:42:56 2003]
Mehaničke karakteristike dobivene su mjerenjima u smjeru karbonskih vlakana
Mechanical characteristics are obtained by measuring in the direction of carbon fibers

[Fri Dec 05 12:54:47 2003]
Ove se folije lijepe adhezivima Sikadur - 30 za druge materijale, kao što su beton, drvo, zidovi od cigle, metali.
This foils are glued with adhesives Sikadur - 30 for other materials, such as concrete, wood, brick walls, metals.

[Fri Dec 05 12:54:51 2003]
Ova se ljepila nanose po posebno propisanom postupku.
These glues are coated on specially prescribed procedure.

[Fri Dec 05 12:54:53 2003]
Komponenta A:
Component A:

[Fri Dec 05 12:55:06 2003]
bijela, komponenta B:
white, component B:

[Fri Dec 05 12:55:31 2003]
crna, komponenta A+B:
black, component A+B:

[Fri Dec 05 12:55:57 2003]
svjetlo siva (ovisno o omjeru A i B komponente.
light grey (depending on proportion of components A and B.

[Fri Dec 05 12:56:44 2003]
Adhezijska čvrstoća (mokra prema F.I.P.)
Adhesive strength (wet according to F.I.P.)

[Fri Dec 05 12:58:20 2003]
pri slomu betona 4 (N/mm2).
) at fracture of concrete 4 (N/the mm2).

[Fri Dec 05 12:58:28 2003]
Otvoreno vrijeme vezanja 30 minuta (pri 35oC), skupljanje (prema F.I.P.)
Open time of fastening is 30 minutes (at 35oC), shrinkage (according to F.I.P.)

[Fri Dec 05 12:58:28 2003]
iznosi 0.04%
) amounts to 0.04 %

[Fri Dec 05 13:00:40 2003]
Ojačanje zidova s karbonskim trakama (EMPA-pokusi)
Strengthening of walls with carbon bands (EMPA-tests)

[Fri Dec 05 14:12:18 2003]
Rezultati ispitivanja posmične čvrstoće neojačanog panela i panela ojačanog naljepljivanjem karbonskih traka (trake od ugljikovih vlakana) (Empa-pokusi)
Testing results of shear strength of non-reinforced panel and panel which is strengthened by pasting carbon bands (bands with carbon fibers) (EMPA-tests)

[Fri Dec 05 14:12:58 2003]
Slom panela ojačanog trakama od ugljikovih niti (EMPA-pokusi)
Fracture of panel strengthened with bands which are made from carbon threads (EMPA-tests)

[Fri Dec 05 15:27:16 2003]
godine, dva kabela od ugljikovih vlakana (CFRP) ugrađena u sustav čeličnih ovjesnih kabela na mostu Storchenbrücke u Švicarskoj.
In 1996, two cables made from carbon fibers (CFRP) are installed into the system of steel suspensive cables on the Storchenbrücke bridge in Switzerland for the first time.

[Fri Dec 05 15:32:39 2003]
Most Storchenbrücke je moderni betonski željeznički most s više kolosijeka, raspona 63+61.
Storchenbrücke bridge is a modern concrete rail bridge with many tracks, and with the range of 63 + 61.

[Fri Dec 05 15:33:27 2003]
Konstrukcija mosta ovješena je s lepezastim kabelima o stup mosta.
Bridge structure is suspended with fanlike cables on the pier.

[Fri Dec 05 15:33:59 2003]
Dva od ukupno 24 kabela su od CFRP materijala, a ostali su konvencionalni čelični kabeli.
Two of 24 cables are made from CFRP material, and the rest are conventional steel cables.

[Fri Dec 05 15:34:32 2003]
CFRP kabel se sastoji od 241 paralelne žice promjera 5 mm.
CFRP cable is comprised from 241 parallel wires with 5 mm diameter.

[Fri Dec 05 16:05:45 2003]
Kabeli su ispitani u laboratoriju EMPA u Švicarskoj.
Cables were tested in EMPA laboratory in Switzerland.

[Fri Dec 05 16:05:56 2003]
Zbog različitih koeficijenata termalne ekspanzije čelika i CFRP zanimljivo je dugoročno i kontinuirano promatranje i studija teoretskog i praktičnog ponašanja opterećenih kabela, kao i progibanja konstrukcije mosta.
Because of different thermal expansion coefficients of steel and CFRP, it is interesting to continuously monitor and study theoretical and practical behavior of loaded cables, as well as deflection of bridge structure.

[Fri Dec 05 16:05:56 2003]
Most je instrumentiran i stalno promatran
Bridge is instrumented and constantly monitored

[Fri Dec 05 16:07:25 2003]
Most Storchenbrücke, uzdužna dispozicija.
Storchenbrücke Bridge, longitudinal disposition.

[Fri Dec 05 16:07:25 2003]
Prikazan je položaj CFRP kabela
Position of CFRP cable is shown here

[Fri Dec 05 16:11:09 2003]
Ojačanje mosta na autoputu A10.
Bridge strengthening on motorway A10.

[Fri Dec 05 16:12:50 2003]
Betonska konstrukcija mosta ojačava se naljepljivanjem S & P CFK laminata.
Concrete bridge structure is strengthened by gluing S & P CFK laminates.

[Fri Dec 05 16:12:55 2003]
Ukupno je nalijepljeno 13000 m CFK laminata.
In total, 13000 m of CFK laminates was glued.

[Fri Dec 05 16:12:55 2003]
S & P (Clever Reinforcement Company)
S & P (Clever Reinforcement Company)

[Fri Dec 05 16:13:40 2003]
Blok drvenih višekatnih kuća u Frankfurtu
Block of wooden multistorey houses in Frankfurt

[Fri Dec 05 16:24:16 2003]
Drvena konstrukcija RKT Crkve Saint Thomas More u Brookingu, Južna Dakota, USA.
Wooden structure RKT of Saint Thomas More Church in Brooking, South Dakota, USA.

[Fri Dec 05 16:24:18 2003]
Izvedba Western Archrib:
Constructed by Western Archrib:

[Fri Dec 05 16:24:34 2003]
www.westernarchrib.com.
westernarchrib.com.

[Fri Dec 05 16:24:34 2003]
Iz prospektnog materijala firme
From prospect material of the company

[Mon Dec 08 10:19:27 2003]
U literaturi o modernim drvenim konstrukcijama malo se spominju drvene rešetke s vlačnim čeličnim vertikalama, a HOWE drvene rešetke s prednapregnutim čeličnim vertikalama se malo ili nikako ne spominju.
The literature about modern wooden structures mentions little of trellisworks with tensile steel verticals, and HOWE trellisworks with prestressed steel verticals are hardly mentioned at all.

[Mon Dec 08 10:23:06 2003]
Međutim ti su se nosači prije 2.
However, those beams were mostly used before

[Mon Dec 08 10:23:58 2003]
svjetskog rata relativno najviše primjenjivali, da bi poslijeratni primat preuzele rešetke s patentnim moždanicima i naravno kasnije i danas lamelirani nosači.
However, those beams were mostly used before the Second World War, and after the war the trusses with patented connectors took over the domination. Today, laminated beams are used the most.

[Mon Dec 08 10:29:21 2003]
Postoje naravno mnoga suvremena unapređenja izvođenja drvenih rešetkastih nosača:
There are, of course, many contemporary advancements of wooden trusses:

[Mon Dec 08 10:32:25 2003]
Vertikale su se nekoć izvodile od okruglih čeličnih profila s vijčanim navrtkama na krajevima, a danas bi se kod HOWE nosača mogle izvoditi od visokovrijednih čeličnih šipki ili čeličnih (npr.
Verticals were formerly constructed from round steel sections with bolted nuts on ends, and today they could be constructed in HOWE girders from highly valuable steel bars or steel (e.g.

[Mon Dec 08 10:33:07 2003]
BBWR ili drugih) kablova.
BBWR or other) cables.

[Mon Dec 08 10:34:24 2003]
Detalji su HOWE nosača sasvim jednostavni te ih svako tesarsko poduzeće može izvesti.
Details of HOWE girders are quite simple and every carpenter company construct them.

[Mon Dec 08 10:36:36 2003]
Jedina prava skrb kod izvođenja mora se posvetiti prednapinjanju vertikala, čime se izbjegava svaka moguća pojava vlaka u dijagonalama rešetke.
The only real concern in the execution must be dedicated to prestressing of verticals, which would avoid every possible appearance of tension in grid diagonals.

[Mon Dec 08 10:41:10 2003]
Cijela genijalnost ideje i jest u tome da su onemogućavanjem pojave vlaka u štapovima ispune, tlačne veze između štapova pojasa i ispune potpuno pojednostavljene.
The whole ingenuity of the ideaa is in preventing the appearance of tension in diagonal bars, compression straps between sticks of flanges, and enirely simplified spandrel.

[Mon Dec 08 10:42:41 2003]
Time se izvođenje čvorova BITNO pojednostavljuje, izbjegnuta je upotreba modernih spajala kao što su to razni patentni moždanici (koja zahtijevaju veliku točnost izvođenja), ili mnoštvo trnova, vijaka ili čavala.
This SUBSTANTIALLY simplifies the construction of knots, and avoids the use of modern fasteners, such as various patented connectors (which demand extreme accuracy in execution), or multitude of spikes, screws or nails.

[Mon Dec 08 10:42:41 2003]
S druge strane se kod drvenih rešetki bolje iskorištava skupo lijepljeno drvo pojasnica, jer su one izložene samo vlaku ili tlaku, te im je presjek potpuno (ili bolje) iskorišten
On the other hand, trellisworks make better use of the expensive GLULAM flange, because they are exposed only to tension or pressure, and their cut is completely (or better) used

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:00 2003]
Detalj spoja dijagonala, čelične vertikale i pojasa HOWE rešetke.
Detail of diagonal connection, steel vertical and flange of HOWE truss.

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:06 2003]
a) U - profil;
a) U - profile;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:08 2003]
b) glava za prednapinjanje;
b) head for prestressing;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:17 2003]
c) GLULAM;
c) GLULAM;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:27 2003]
d) kladica;
d) chump;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:30 2003]
e) trn;
e) spike;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:34 2003]
f) piljena građa;
f) sawn lumber;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:37 2003]
g) čelik VV;
g) steel VV;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:43 2003]
h) III kabel;
h) III cable;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:46 2003]
i) zasjek;
i) cut;

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:46 2003]
j) dijagonale.
j) diagonals.

[Mon Dec 08 10:51:08 2003]
Također se i piljena građa ispune može izvoditi iz kraćih komada građe koja se nastavlja lijepljenjem zupčastim vezom po cijelom profilu presjeka.
Moreover, sawn lumber spandrels can be constructed from shorter pieces of material which is continued by pasting jagged bracing along the entire profile of the cut.

[Mon Dec 08 10:51:29 2003]
Umjesto raznih spajala, limova i sl.
Instead of various fasteners, sheet metals and similar

[Mon Dec 08 10:52:00 2003]
elemenata koristi se čelične šipke ili jednostavno prednapinjanje čeličnih vertikala.
Instead of various fasteners, sheet metals and similar elements, we use steel bars or simple prestressing of steel verticals.

[Mon Dec 08 11:01:44 2003]
Uzroci neprimjenjivanja mogu biti razni:
Reasons for not applying this can vary:

[Mon Dec 08 11:02:27 2003]
nepoznavanje tradicija izvođenja, strah od noviteta (pa i kod renomiranih proizvođača drvenih konstrukcija), nedovoljna reklama, ili pak prevelika reklama proizvođača raznih patentnih moždanika, koje direktno ugrožavaju primjene rešetki s čeličnim vertikalama, HOWE (ili CRUCIANO) sustavi.
not knowing the traditions of construction, fear from innovation (even by respectable manufacturers of wooden structures), insufficient advertizing, or overly advertizad patented connectors, which directly jeopardize the use of trusses with steel verticals, HOWE (or CRUCIANO) systems.

[Mon Dec 08 11:02:27 2003]
Kod CRUCIANO sustava, prednapregnute su dijagonale, a vertikale su od drveta
In CRUCIANO systems, the diagonals are prestressed, and verticals are made from wood

[Mon Dec 08 11:04:08 2003]
Osnove proračuna
Basics of calculation

[Mon Dec 08 11:15:07 2003]
U koliko se promatra savijanje GLULAM nosača, jasno je da su bolje iskorištena vlakna drveta bliže rubova nosača, a da je praktično neiskorišteno skupo lamelirano drvo srednjeg dijela nosača oko neutralne osi.
If observing the bending of GLULAM structure, it is clear that there is a better use of wood fibers which are closer to edges of beams, and that the expensive laminated wood in the central part of a beam, around the neutral axis, is practically unused.

[Mon Dec 08 11:15:49 2003]
Kod drugih materijala razvile su se stoga ideja primjena rešetki, ili T presjeka, spregnutih presjeka, konačno i prednapinjanje.
For that reason, the idea developed for using trusses, or T cuts, yoked cuts, and finally prestressing in other materials.

[Mon Dec 08 11:23:49 2003]
Kod drveta se neka slična rješenja ne mogu primijeniti:
Similar solutions cannot be applied to wood:

[Mon Dec 08 11:24:29 2003]
osim kod rešetki, a u novije doba i pokusi s prednaprezanjem ili sprezanjem s drugim materijalima, a sve u težnji smanjenja količine drveta.
except for trusses, and recently the tests which include the prestressing or compositing with other materials, and all in desire to decrease the quantity of wood.

[Mon Dec 08 11:25:12 2003]
Naravno da je materijal rešetke bolje iskorišten no kod GLULAM nosača.
Of course, the truss material is better used than in GLULAM structure.

[Mon Dec 08 11:25:12 2003]
Ali je i visina rešetkastog nosača je nešto veća no visina GLULAM nosača.
But the truss height is somewhat larger than the height of GLULAM structure.

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:01 2003]
Visine GLULAM nosača i rešetki u odnosu na raspone nosača.
Heights of GLULAM structures and trusses in relation to scopes of beam.

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:02 2003]
a) lamelirani nosači;
a) laminated beams;

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:08 2003]
b) rešetkasti nosači;
b) trusses;

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:09 2003]
c) lamelirano drvo;
c) laminated wood;

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:15 2003]
d) Howe;
d) Howe;

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:17 2003]
e) Rešetke s čeličnim vertikalnim štapovima.
e) Trusses with steel vertical members.

[Mon Dec 08 11:27:17 2003]
C-tlak, T-vlak
C-pressure, T-tension

[Mon Dec 08 11:35:24 2003]
Uz nešto veću visinu rešetkastog nosača (oko L/6) bolje se u njima koristi skuplje lamelirano drvo pojaseva, dok se za ispunu koristi jeftinija piljena građa (monolitno drvo).
With somewhat greater height of trusses (around L/6) we can better use more expensive laminated wood for flanges, while for spandrel we use cheaper sawn lumber (monolithic wood).

[Mon Dec 08 11:37:28 2003]
Kod ležajeva se nosač dimenzionira takve visine, koliko to traže uvjeti zadovoljavanja posmičnih naprezanja.
In bearings, beam is dimensioned for such heights, as is demanded by the conditions of satisfying shear stresses.

[Mon Dec 08 11:45:58 2003]
Nažalost ni jedan od tih postupaka se ne koristi kod nas u industriji proizvodnje lameliranih nosača.
Unfortunately, neither of these procedures is used in our industry of production of laminated beams.

[Mon Dec 08 11:46:18 2003]
Utrošak čelika je kod HOWE nosača nešto veći nego li kod običnih drvenih rešetki u kojima se primjenjuju patentni moždanici ili druga spajala, ali je njegovo konstruiranje, glede utroška radne snage u proizvodnji manje od onoga kod lameliranih nosača.
The use of steel in HOWE girder is somewhat greater than in common trelliswork with patented connectors or other fasteners, but its construction, with regard to the work force in production, is smaller than the construction of laminated beams.

[Mon Dec 08 11:47:54 2003]
Osim toga oni su lakši od drvenih lameliranih lijepljenih nosača.
Besides, they are lighter than wooden laminated glued beams.

[Mon Dec 08 11:48:19 2003]
Nije toliko bitno da li se koriste HOWE nosači ili drugi tipovi rešetki s čeličnim vertikalama.
It is not so important whether we use HOWE girders or other types of trusses with steel verticals.

[Mon Dec 08 11:48:19 2003]
Konačna cijena konstrukcije je uglavnom presudna činjenica
The final construction price is the decisive fact

[Mon Dec 08 11:51:30 2003]
Poznato je da su količine drveta i čelika dane koeficijentima kd i kc za skoro sve tipove konstrukcija.
We know that quantities of wood and steel are given by coefficients kd and kc for almost all types of constructions.

[Mon Dec 08 11:51:30 2003]
S koeficijentom kd se sračunava preliminarna težina nosača, a koeficijent kc pokazuje postotak težine čelika u odnosu na masu drveta nosača
With coefficient kd we calculate the preliminary weight of a beam, and coefficient kc shows the percentage of steel weight in relation to wooden mass of a beam

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