Svi prijevodi dobiveni su uz pomoć NeuroTran-a. Interaktivni mod NeuroTran-a korišten je od strane osobe koja je stručni prevoditelj. Greške koje se neminovno javljaju u NeuroTran prijevodu stručni prevoditelj je automatski ispravljao. Prevođenje uz pomoć NeuroTran-a može uštedjeti više od 85% vremena pri prevođenju tekstova od kratkih do dugih.

Više o NeuroTran® softveru možete doznati na web stranici: http://www.tranexp.hr/NeuroTran.html

NeuroTran® prijevodi poredani kronološki:

[Mon Dec 08 10:36:15 2003]
Ako se razmotre deformacije pneumatske grede, to je potpuno razvidno, jer se gornji dio grede ponaša kao greda/ploča na elastičnoj podlozi (ovdje na u gredi stlačeni zrak).
If are examined the deformations of the pneumatic beam, then this is apsolutely obvious, because the top of the beam behaves as a beam/panel on an elastic ground (here on air compressed in the beam).

[Mon Dec 08 10:41:06 2003]
Nosivost te pneumatske limene grede je spektakularna u odnosu na vlastitu masu pneumatske grede i raspon.
Bearing capacity and a pneumatic tin beams is spectacular in relation to its own size of the pneumatic beam and span.

[Mon Dec 08 10:43:36 2003]
U tim gredama je unutrašnjim tlakom u gredi RIJEŠEN problem stabilnosti tankog plašta (stjenke) grede.
In these beams the stability problem of thin jacket of the (wall) beam has been SOLVED by the inner pressure in the beam.

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:42 2003]
Ona se ne može izviti dokle god je unutrašnji tlak dovoljan da to izvijanje spriječi.
The beam can be bent as long as the inner pressure is sufficient to prevent this twisting.

[Mon Dec 08 10:45:42 2003]
To onda pobuđuje ideje o drugačijem pristupu regulacije stabilnosti hrptova nosača od lima i plastičnih masa.
This then produces ideas about a different approach to stability regulation of dorsal support made from sheet metal and plastic masses.

[Mon Dec 08 10:48:43 2003]
Pneumatski disk:
Pneumatic disc:

[Mon Dec 08 10:49:08 2003]
a) presjek kroz strukturu;
a) section through the structure;

[Mon Dec 08 10:49:08 2003]
b) način ovjesa membrane za čelični prsten.
b) suspension method of the membrane for a steel ring.

[Mon Dec 08 10:56:30 2003]
Obzirom da se nije raspolagalo alatima za formiranje rubnih polulopti od tankog lima, korištene su plitke kalote, koje su onda bile izvorom koncentracije napona na spoju plašta i kalote, a što se primjenom rubnih polulopti može u potpunosti izbjeći.
As tools for forming marginal hemispheres from tin metal sheet were not available, shallow calottes were used, which were then the source of voltage concentration at the point where the jacket and calotte joined, and which could be completely avoided by the use of marginal hemispheres.

[Mon Dec 08 11:01:07 2003]
Ovakve konstrukcije od trevire i od tankog lima zasigurno imaju svoju budućnost primjene za ultralagane pokrove hala.
Such structures made from trevira and tin metal sheet certainly have their future in the use for ultralight hall coverings.

[Mon Dec 08 11:01:07 2003]
Bilo da se primjenjuje trevira ili tanki lim, pokrovi ovih konstrukcija moraju biti od UV rezistentne trevire, koju povremeno (svakih 10 do 15 godina) treba zamijeniti, ne dirajući u integritet osnovne nosive pneumatske konstrukcije.
Either the use of trevira or tin metal sheet, the coverings of these structures must be made from UV resistent trevira, which needs to be replaced occasionally (every 10 to 15 years), without interfering with the integrity of the basic bearing pneumatic structure.

[Mon Dec 08 11:09:37 2003]
S malo mašte, može se pretpostaviti i dizajn pneumatske grede od križno spiralno namotanog uslojenog furnira u obliku cijevi sa čelima od višeslojnih kružnih panelskih poklopaca.
With a bit of imagination, we can even assume the design of a pneumatic beam made from a layered veneer wound cross spirally in the shape of a pipe with a front made from multilayer circular panel lids.

[Mon Dec 08 11:12:35 2003]
U cijev je prethodno ugurana dušica od trevire koja je volumenski i geometrijski skrojena tako da je veća od unutrašnjih dimenzija pneumatske grede.
Trevira balloon structure was previously inserted into a pipe, whose volume and geometry are formed so that the structure is bigger than the inner dimensions of the pneumatic beam.

[Mon Dec 08 11:13:02 2003]
Napuhavanjem dušice (kao nogometne lopte), ukrućuje se cijev od višeslojnog u križ namotanog furnira.
By inflating the structure (as a soccer ball), the pipe made from multilayer stiffens in the shape of a cross spirally coiled plywood.

[Mon Dec 08 11:17:45 2003]
Time se u stvari dobila neprodušna drvena (furnirska) pneumatska greda.
In this way we actually get an impervious wooden (veneer) pneumatic beam.

[Mon Dec 08 11:20:20 2003]
Obzirom da je spiralno namatanje furnira na kružnu cijev riješeno i patentirano, možemo se nadati i proizvodnji takvih greda kao nosivih strukturalnih sustava, male mase, a velike nosivosti.
As the spiral winding of the veneer on the circular pipe is solved and patented, we can also hope to see the production of such beams as bearing structural systems, of small sizes, but of great bearing capacities.

[Mon Dec 08 11:23:43 2003]
U tim gredama dušica je zaštićena furnirskim "oklopom" od akcidentalnog oštećenja.
In these beams the inside balloon structure is protected by a veneer " armor " from an accidental damage.

[Mon Dec 08 11:23:43 2003]
Planiramo istraživanje takvih modela analizama MKE i u laboratoriju.
A research of such models by the FEM analyses and in the laboratory has been planned.

[Mon Dec 08 11:28:08 2003]
Kada se govori o drvetu, pa i lameliranom drvetu, furnirskim pločama i pločastim proizvodima od drveta;
When we talk about the wood, even laminated wood, veneer sheets and tabular wooden products;

[Mon Dec 08 11:30:50 2003]
kao što su to ploče iverice, vlaknatice, višeslojne furnirske ploče, medijapan ploče, multipleks-ploče, kompozitni materijali i sendviči od tih i drugih materijala, susrećemo se sa spektrom dosta poznatih i standardiziranih materijala i njihovih svojstava, koja su obično anizotropna.
such as plywood boards, fiberboards, multilayer veneer sheetings, mediapan boards, multiplex-boards, composite materials and sandwiches made from these and other materials, we come across a spectrum of very common and standardized material and their characteristics, which are usually anisotropic.

[Mon Dec 08 11:31:05 2003]
Svojstva ovise o smjerovima vlakanaca drveta, načinima slaganja materijala, a ta opet ovise o smjerovima godova, položaju vlakanaca i načinima piljenja ili ljuštenja furnira.
The characteristics depend on grain directions of the wood, on ways of material assembly, and they again depends on directions of annual rings, position of thin fibers and methods of sawing or peeling of veneer.

[Mon Dec 08 11:31:05 2003]
Slično je i s drugim laminatima i sendvičima.
It is similar with other laminates and sandwiches.

[Mon Dec 08 11:38:24 2003]
Sve do nedavno, takvi se kompoziti nisu mogli adekvatno analizirati, je nismo raspolagali "alatima" za takve analize.
Until recently, such composites could not be adequately analyzed, because we did not have "tools" for such analyses.

[Mon Dec 08 11:44:34 2003]
Danas je to moguće primjenom MKE i ugrađenih teorija višeslojnih KE.
Today, this is this possible by the use of FEM and of built-in theories of multilayered FEs.

[Mon Dec 08 11:44:39 2003]
Sa COSMOS/M sustavom mogu se analizirati uslojeni konačni elementi ljuske (SHELL4L) koji mogu imati i do 50 slojeva anizotropije (smjerovi 1 i 2 koji moraju biti ortogonalni), odgovarajućim modulima EX(i), EY(i) i GXY(i), GXZ(i) i GYZ(i), Poissonovim odnosima NUXY(i), NUYZ(i), NUXZ(i), debljini sloja (i) i njegovom položaju u panelu ri i termičkim karakteristikama, koeficijentima termalne ekspanzije ALPX(i) i ALPY(i) kao i vlačnim čvrstoćama materijala u 1.
With COSMOS/M system can can be analyzed layered finite elements of the shell (SHELL4L) which can have up to 50 anisotropy layers (directions 1 and 2 which must orthogonal), by matching modules EXi, EYi and GXYi, GXZi and GYZi, Poisson's ratios NUXYi, NUYZi, NUXZi, thickness of layer (i) and its position in the panel ri and thermal characteristics, thermal expansion coefficients ALPXi and ALPYi as well as tensile strength of the material in 1st.

[Mon Dec 08 11:45:34 2003]
SIGXT(i), SIGYT(i), tlačnim čvrstoćama materijala u smjerovima 1 i 2:
SIGXTi, SIGYTi, compressive strengths of the material in directions 1 and 2:

[Mon Dec 08 11:45:34 2003]
SIGXC(i) i SIGYC(i), kao i vlačnoj posmičnoj čvrstoći između slojeva laminata SIGXYT(i) te tlačnoj posmičnoj čvrstoći između slojeva laminata SIGXYC(i).
SIGXCi and SIGYCi, as well as on the tensile shear strenght between laminate layers SIGXYTi and on the pressure shear strenght between laminate layers SIGXYCi.

[Mon Dec 08 11:54:11 2003]
Receptura tih KE formulirana je prema suvremenim teorijama T.
The formula of these FEs was formulated according to modern theories of T.

[Mon Dec 08 11:54:19 2003]
Belytschkova, H.
Belytschkov, H.

[Mon Dec 08 11:54:21 2003]
Stolarskog i N.
Stolarski and N.

[Mon Dec 08 11:54:23 2003]
Carpentera, D.
Carpenter, D.

[Mon Dec 08 11:54:28 2003]
Allmana i C.
Allman and C.

[Mon Dec 08 12:05:57 2003]
Lianga.
Liang.

[Mon Dec 08 12:06:51 2003]
Time je definitivno uklonjena granica u analizama uslojenih ljusaka, pod pretpostavkom da se poznaju mehanička svojstva laminata.
Thereby, the limit in analyses of layered shells is definitely eliminated, on the assumption that mechanical characteristics of laminates are known.

[Mon Dec 08 12:06:51 2003]
Ti podaci su kod furnirskih ploča za sada prilično oskudni.
Such information about veneer sheets are rather poor for now.

[Mon Dec 08 12:07:48 2003]
Konačni elementi SHELL3L i SHELL4L, X,Y,Z - globalne osi.
Finite elements SHELL3L and SHELL4L, X,Y,Z global axes.

[Mon Dec 08 12:08:27 2003]
x,y,z - lokalne koordinatne osi KE.
x,y,z local coordinate axes FE.

[Mon Dec 08 12:09:23 2003]
O - identifikacijski broj lica KE za prilaganje pritiska (Pressure load).
O identification number of FE faces for Pressure load.

[Mon Dec 08 12:09:26 2003]
Konvencija označavanja slojeva.
Convention of layer marking.

[Mon Dec 08 12:09:39 2003]
N - ukupni broj slojeva.
N total number of layers.

[Mon Dec 08 12:09:39 2003]
Konvencija označavanja temperaturne raspodjele.
Convention of marking temperature distribution.

[Mon Dec 08 12:16:52 2003]
Upuštajući se u područje kompozita od plastičnih masa, susrećemo jedno veoma široko područje koje nam omogućava i nove mogućnosti oblikovanja struktura, s oblicima o kojima do sada nismo ni razmišljali.
When dealing with the area of plastic mass composites, we come across a very wide area which also makes new possibilities of structure formations possible, with forms which we have not even thought about so far.

[Mon Dec 08 12:17:57 2003]
Novi se kompoziti već industrijski proizvode i očekivati je da se pojave na našem tržištu.
New composite are already being produced industrially and we can expect them to appear in our market.

[Mon Dec 08 12:20:50 2003]
Samo je pitanje vremena njihove aplikacije u graditeljstvu.
It is only a matter of time of their application in the building process.

[Mon Dec 08 12:20:50 2003]
U priloženoj tablici navedena su neka komparativna svojstva tih materijala.
Some comparative characteristics of these materials are indicated in the inserted table.

[Mon Dec 08 12:22:05 2003]
Modul E drveta ovisan je o kutu ?
E Module of the wood depends on the angle?

[Mon Dec 08 12:22:05 2003]
, ovisno o smjeru vlakanaca uzorka.
, depending on the grain direction of a sample.

[Mon Dec 08 12:23:04 2003]
Tablica svojstava vlakanaca za armiranje polimera.
Tables of thin fiber characteristics for reinforcing polymers.

[Mon Dec 08 12:29:15 2003]
Svojstva drveta ovisna su o piljenju lamele iz debla drveta.
Characteristics of wood depend on sawing a plate from a wood trunk.

[Mon Dec 08 12:30:41 2003]
Tablica tipičnih svojstava vlakana armiranih kompozita.
Tables of typical fiber characteristics of reinforced composites.

[Mon Dec 08 12:38:01 2003]
Tablica tipičnih svojstava vlakana armiranih kompozita
Table of typical fiber characteristics of reinforced composites

[Mon Dec 08 12:39:51 2003]
aluminij
aluminum

[Mon Dec 08 12:40:06 2003]
za usporedbu
for comparison

[Mon Dec 08 12:50:15 2003]
Tablica podataka za ComBAR rebrastu armaturu od staklenih vlakana proizvođača SCHÖCK i usporedba s podacima za rebrasti nehrđajući čelik.
Table with figures for ComBAR ribbed armature made from glassfibre by the SCHÖCK manufacturer and comparison with figures for ribbed stainless steel.

[Mon Dec 08 12:53:12 2003]
Granica razvlačenja
Yield point

[Mon Dec 08 12:54:08 2003]
E-modul savijanja
E-bending modulus

[Mon Dec 08 12:56:38 2003]
Tablica svojstava vlakanaca za armiranje polimera.
Tables of thin fiber characteristics for reinforcing of polymers.

[Mon Dec 08 14:21:30 2003]
Tlačna čvrstoća
Compressive strength

[Mon Dec 08 14:21:30 2003]
vlačna čvrstoća
tensile strength

[Mon Dec 08 14:29:32 2003]
Trajna dinamička čvrstoća
Permanent dynamic strength

[Mon Dec 08 14:31:03 2003]
širina pojasa titranja
bandwidth of vibration

[Mon Dec 08 14:36:09 2003]
istezanje pri lomu
extension in case of breaking

[Mon Dec 08 14:36:29 2003]
Težina
Weight

[Mon Dec 08 14:37:07 2003]
Provodljivost topline
Thermal conductance

[Mon Dec 08 14:37:57 2003]
Električni otpor
Resistance

[Mon Dec 08 14:38:10 2003]
Kemijska otpornost
The chemical resistance

[Mon Dec 08 14:39:11 2003]
radijalno
radially

[Mon Dec 08 14:46:57 2003]
Stalnim padom cijena proizvodnje već se naslućuju i primjene kompozita (i u obliku sendviča) na osnovama tih novih materijala, ne samo u zrakoplovnoj industriji, početnih primjena u industriji automobila i sportske opreme, već uskoro i u graditeljskoj industriji (negdje oko 1990.
With constant dropping in production prices already there have been indications of uses of composites (also in the form of a sandwich) based on these new materials, not only in the aircraft industry, initial uses in the car sporting equipment industry, but soon in the building industry also (somewhere around 1990.

[Mon Dec 08 14:46:57 2003]
godine, kad počinje "boom" dolazeće revolucije plastičnih masa).
, when the " boom " of the coming revolution of plastic masses started).

[Mon Dec 08 14:54:31 2003]
U suvremenim drvenim konstrukcijama i konstrukcijama od plastičnih masa uvodi se i prednapinjanje, kako bi se smanjile deformacije, reguliralo unutrašnje napone, smanjilo presjeke.
In modern wooden structures and structures from plastic masses also the prestressing is being introduced, in order to reduce deformations, regulate internal voltages, reduce sections.

[Mon Dec 08 14:58:15 2003]
Tako su na velesajmu u Celovcu izgrađene dvije hale u kojima je primijenjeno prednaprezanje drveta.
So, two halls in which the prestressing of the wood was used were built at a fair in Celovec.

[Mon Dec 08 14:58:56 2003]
Jedna je pokrovna konstrukcija hale izvedena kao roštiljni sustav od lameliranih dvojnih greda koje su prednapete čeličnim kabelima, a druga je izvedena kao prostorni rešetkasti sustav kojem je čeličnim kabelima prednapet donji pojas.
One covering structure of the hall was performed as a grill system from laminated double beams which were prestressed by steel cables, whereas the other one was performed as a spatial latticed system whose bottom flange was prestressed by steel cables.

[Mon Dec 08 14:59:09 2003]
Pokusi s armiranjem lameliranih nosača čeličnim kabelima rađeni su svojedobno i u Krivaji (inž.
Tests with reinforcing of laminated supports by steel cables were performed at one time and in Krivaja (

[Mon Dec 08 15:13:50 2003]
Armiranje drveta, lijepljenjem kabela od staklenih niti, ili proslojaka staklenog voala, ili uljepljivanjem tankih čeličnih limova u vlačnoj zoni izvodi se, ali još uvijek se taj postupak smatra eksperimentom, a mišljenja o ekonomskim beneficijama tih postupaka se razilaze.
Reinforcing of wood is stil performed, by gluing of glass fiber cables, or of glass voal layers, or by gluing thin steel sheets in the tension zone, but this procedure is still considered experimental, and opinions about economic benefits of these procedures differ.

[Mon Dec 08 15:14:15 2003]
Smatra se da drvo ionako u smjeru vlakanaca ima veliku vlačnu čvrstoću, pa ga stoga nije u tom smjeru potrebno armirati, a da bi armiranje imalo smisla kad bi se armiralo smjer okomito na vlakna drveta, dakle smjer u kojem su tlačna, a pogotovo vlačna čvrstoća drveta okomita na vlakna drveta, male.
It is considered that wood has a great tensile strength in the direction of thin fibers anyway, therefore it is not necessary to to reinforce it in this direction, and for reinforcing to make sense if the direction on wood fibers is reinforced vertically, that is the direction in which compressive, and especially tensile strengths of the wood are vertical to wood fibers, is small.

[Mon Dec 08 15:17:33 2003]
Međutim, za sada je to teško izvedivo.
However, for now this has been hard to achieve.

[Mon Dec 08 15:18:34 2003]
Ima pokušaja da se armiraju nalijepljenim staklenim voalom bočne stranice zakrivljenih i srpastih lijepljenih lameliranih drvenih nosača, kako bi se preuzelo radijalne vlačne napone okomito na vlakanca drveta.
There have been attempts to reinforce the lateral sides of bent and sickle glued laminated wooden structures by the glued glass voal, in order to receive radial tensile voltages vertically on thin fibers of the wood.

[Mon Dec 08 15:19:39 2003]
No, sve je to još u eksperimentalnoj fazi ispitivanja na uzorcima prirodne veličine (Larsen).
But, all this is still in an experimental phase of testing on real-life samples (Larsen).

[Mon Dec 08 15:19:39 2003]
U Zagrebu se takvi eksperimenti upravo provode na Građevinskom fakultetu.
There are such experiments being performed at the Faculty of Civil Engineering in Zagreb at the moment.

[Mon Dec 08 15:22:49 2003]
Kod konstrukcija od polimera, vjerojatno ne bi trebalo slijepo primjenjivati iskustva s prednapinjanjem betona.
With polymer structures, probably should not be blindly used experiences with prestressing of concrete.

[Mon Dec 08 15:23:52 2003]
Konstrukcije od tih materijala, kao i velikorasponske konstrukcije od lameliranog drveta trebalo bi prednapinjati "organski" i prirodno.
Structures from these materials, as well as long-range structures from laminated wood should be prestressed " organically " and naturally.

[Mon Dec 08 15:25:00 2003]
Osnove kinetičkih i kibernetskih konstrukcija su mehanizmi zasnovani na predodžbama reagiranja živih bića.
Basics of kinetic and cybernetic structures are mechanisms based on ideas of reactions of living beings.

[Mon Dec 08 15:32:52 2003]
Organsko prednapinjanje oponaša kibernetski mehanizam živih bića, dakle prednaprezanje se izvodi u realnom vremenu (R-time), prema dojavama senzorskih obavijesti mjerenja deformacija i napona u konstrukciji (ili elementima konstrukcije), a u skladu s aktivnim programima i ekspertnim sustavima koje provode u konstrukciju integrirana računala (mikroračunala, posebno orijentirana računala, neurokompjutori, ili sl.)
Organic prestressing imitates the cybernetic mechanism of living beings, therefore the prestressing is performed in real time (R-time), based on reports of the sensory measuring notifications of deformation and voltage in the structure (or elements of the structure), and according to active programs and expert systems of which integrated computers (microcomputers, specially oriented computers, neurocomputers, or alike) transform into a structure

[Mon Dec 08 15:37:58 2003]
Dio senzora može (da li i mora?)
One part of sensors can (but does it have to?)

[Mon Dec 08 15:41:47 2003]
biti raspoređen izvan perimetra strukture, kako bi se obavijesti o nailasku opterećenja proslijedilo pravovremeno upravljačkom sustavu za prednapinjanje.
) be arranged outside the perimeter of the structure, in order to pass on the information on the arrival of the load in time to the operating prestressing system.

[Mon Dec 08 15:42:39 2003]
Prednapinjanje strukture podrazumijeva kako prednapinjanje kabela, tako i upuhivanje zraka u konstrukciju kako bi se djelovalo kontra nailazećim opterećenjima.
The prestressing of the structure implies both prestressing of a cable, and blowing the air in the structure in order to act against forthcoming loads.

[Mon Dec 08 15:47:46 2003]
Na nekoliko crteža prikazane su osnovne zamisli takvih kibernetskih sustava.
Basic ideas of such cybernetic systems are illustrated in a few sketches.

[Mon Dec 08 15:47:46 2003]
U poglavlju o primjeni ekspertnih sustava i poglavlju prikaza suvremenih tendencija kretanja u dizajnu mostova, prikazani su neki modeli takvih kibernetskih struktura koje smo razvili kao kompjuterske modele operabilne na osobnim računalima.
Some models of such cybernetic structures, which were developed as computer models operable on personal computers, are illustrated in the chapter on the expert system application and in the chapter describing modern trend tendencies in the design of bridges.

[Mon Dec 08 15:58:47 2003]
Prirodno, prednapinjanje se postiže primjenom kreativnih konstruktivnih sustava, na primjer lukova, prostornih ljuski, pajantnih sustava s ekscentrično postavljenim zglobovima i sličnim sustavima u kojima se povećanjem uzdužnih sila u konstrukciji uzrokovanih opterećenjem, automatski stvara i dodatni kontramoment savijanja kojim se parira povećavanju momenta savijanja od povećanog opterećenja.
Naturally, prestresses is achieved by the application of creative structural systems, for example arches, spatial shells, queen-post truss systems with eccentrically set joints and similar systems in which increase of axial forces in the structure is caused by the load, automatically creates an additional counter moment of bending which parries the increase of bending moment from the increased load.

[Mon Dec 08 16:11:23 2003]
Ovim tipovima novih konstrukcija pripadaju i sinergetske konstrukcije ili konstrukcije s udvojenim nosivim sustavima i sklopovima, u kojima se porastom opterećenja aktivira paralelni (spavajući) strukturalni sustav.
Synergetic structures or structures with doubled bearing structures and complexes also belong to to these types of new structures, in which a parallel (sleeping) structural system is being activated by the increase of the load.

[Mon Dec 08 16:12:31 2003]
Uključivanje paralelnog sustava može se aktivirati mehaničkim, električnim ili elektronskim putem.
Activation of a parallel system can be activated in a mechanical, electrical or electronic way.

[Mon Dec 08 16:12:31 2003]
U neku ruku ovi sustavi nadopunjuju organsko prednapinjanje, jer se pobuda spavajuće konstrukcije može integrirati s prednapinjanjem.
In a way these systems complete the organic prestressing, because the impulse of a sleeping structure can be integrated with the prestressing.

[Mon Dec 08 16:19:46 2003]
Dapače, kod nekih se konstrukcija dojavama senzora može i ukloniti nailazeće opterećenje.
Indeed, with some structures even the forthcoming load can be removed by sensor reports.

[Mon Dec 08 16:19:46 2003]
Snijeg koji pada na pokrovnu membranu konstrukcije može se topiti zagrijavanjem membrane toplim zrakom ili električnim otpornim zagrijavanjem, u membranu ugrađene električne otporne mreže.
Snow that falls on the covering construction membrane can be melt by warming the membrane with warm air or by electrical resistant warming, with electrical resistant nets which are built in the membrane.

[Mon Dec 08 16:23:02 2003]
Postoji niz regulacijskih tehnika koje se mogu primijeniti u organskim reakcijama struktura.
There is s series of regulatory techniques that can be used in organic reactions of structures.

[Mon Dec 08 16:23:10 2003]
Posebice je ovaj problem regulacija i povratnih veza (feed back) aktualiziran mogućim primjenama neuronskih ekspertnih sustava, kao i mješovitih ekspertnih sustava u kojima su integrirane neuronske mreže (NN - neural networks) i sustavi zasnovani na pravilima (RBES - rule based expert systems).
Especially this problem of regulation and reflexive connections (feed back) has been actualized by possible usages of neuronal expert systems, as well as mixed expert systems in which neuronal nets (NN neural networks) and systems based on rules (RBES rule based expert systems) are integrated.

[Mon Dec 08 16:26:29 2003]
Na "Yahoo!"
In " Yahoo!"

[Mon Dec 08 16:26:31 2003]
pretraživaču može se naći više od tisuću referenci i web stranica o tzv.
" search engine you can find more than thousand references and web sites about so-called.

[Mon Dec 08 16:26:31 2003]
"smart" konstrukcijama.
" smart " structures.

[Mon Dec 08 16:29:10 2003]
Senzorima i robotskim uređajima regulirane konstrukcije:
Sensors and robotic appliances of a regulated structure:

[Mon Dec 08 16:34:42 2003]
a) organsko prednapinjanje grede;
a) organic prestressing of a beam;

[Mon Dec 08 16:34:57 2003]
b) organski stabilizirana zauzdana konstrukcija mosta;
b) organically stabilized restrained bridge structure;

[Mon Dec 08 16:37:25 2003]
c) organski stabilizirana napeta membrana šatora;
c) organically stabilized tight membrane of a tent;

[Mon Dec 08 16:38:52 2003]
d) sustavom mlaznica poprijeko na raspon, stabilizirana konstrukcija visećeg mosta velikih raspona;
d) stabilized structure of a suspension bridge of a large scale, by the system of nozzles diagonally on the span;

[Mon Dec 08 16:38:52 2003]
e) sinergetska udvojena konstrukcija, koja se napuhuje kad senzor "zamijeti" opterećenje, ES donese odluku o potrebi povećanja unutarnjeg pritiska radi stabilizacije sustava.
e) synergetically doubled structure, which is inflated when the sensor " notices the " load, the ES makes a decision about the need to increase the internal pressure because of the system stabilization.

[Mon Dec 08 16:47:59 2003]
Po svemu sudeći osnove novih tipova drvenih konstrukcija i konstrukcija od polimera su arhitektura i graditeljstvo, ali i kemija, fizika, elektronika, kompjutorska i informacijska tehnika, strojarstvo, dakle i grane znanosti i tehnologije koje se nalaze malo podalje od klasičnog okvira graditeljstva.
To all appearances, basics of new types of wooden and polymer structures are the architecture and building construction, but also chemistry, physics, electronics, computer and information technique, mechanical engineering, and therefore branches of knowledge and technology which are a little bit farther away from the classical framework of the building construction.

[Tue Dec 09 11:46:35 2003]
Dio razvedenih prostornih sustava nije više moguće prikazati rukom rađenim crtežima, ali se ti sustavi mogu prikazati kompjutorski generiranim crtežima na ekranima konzola.
Part of developed spatial systems can no longer be illustrated with manual drawings, but these systems can be illustrated with computer-aided designs on console screens.

[Tue Dec 09 11:47:47 2003]
Neki se od njih mogu prikazati crtežima plotera, no velik broj potpuno slobodnih oblika opire se i tim prikazima:
Some of them can be presented with data plotters drawings, but a big number of entirely free forms resists these illustrations also:

[Tue Dec 09 11:49:27 2003]
naime ima i suviše različitih pogleda s raznih stajališta, pa se izbor mora ograničiti samo na nekoliko njih.
in other words there are too different views from different viewpoints, so a choice must be limited to only on a few of them.

[Tue Dec 09 11:50:20 2003]
Međutim, "sva se raskoš" 3D prikaza može prikazati samo na ekranima radnih stanica.
However, " all the luxury " 3D illustration can be illustrated only on workstation screens.

[Tue Dec 09 11:50:55 2003]
3D prostor se opire prikazu u 2D mediju.
3D space resists a 2D media illustration.

[Tue Dec 09 11:50:55 2003]
Stvarno ih se može prikazati u VR okruženju.
They can really be illustrated in a VR surrounding.

[Tue Dec 09 11:56:16 2003]
Ideja "kibernetske" sinergetske konstrukcije, koju sam predložio pred više od deset godina.
Idea of a " cybernetic " synergetic structure, which I proposed more than ten years ago.

[Tue Dec 09 11:58:18 2003]
Konstrukcija se sastoji od kostura:
The structure consists of a skeleton:

[Tue Dec 09 12:06:23 2003]
3D mreže štapova od metala ili drugih materijala i od na kostur ovješene membrane od trevire.
3D nets of members made from metal or other materials and from a trevira membrane suspended on the skeleton.

[Tue Dec 09 12:07:45 2003]
Sastavni dio strukture su (I) senzorski mehanizmi koji su ugrađeni u strateški raspoređenim štapovima strukture, (II) kompjutorski regulacijski sustav s mehanizmom povratne veze, (III) sustav ventilatora/kompresora za reguliranje tlaka u konstrukciji, (IV) energetski izvori napajanja sustava i rezervni izvori napajanja energijom.
Component part of the structure are (I) sensory mechanisms built in strategically distributed members of the structure, (II) a computer regulatory system with a feedback mechanism, (III) a fan/compressor system for pressure regulation in the structure, (IV) power supply sources of the system and reserve energy supply sources.

[Tue Dec 09 12:07:45 2003]
Kostur konstrukcije je proračunan samo na opterećenje koje je nešto veće od vlastite težine strukture
The skeleton of the structure is estimated only for the load which is slightly greater than the structure's own load

[Tue Dec 09 12:16:23 2003]
Kod porasta opterećenja, kojeg registriraju senzori u senzorskim štapovima, uključuju se kompresori/ventilatori koji tlače zrak u konstrukciju, te ona djeluje kao na zrak oslonjena membrana koja se unutarnjim tlakom opire vanjskom opterećenju.
When the load is increased, which is registered by sensors in sensory members, compressors/fans which compress the air in the structure get activated, and function as an air-supported membrane which resists the exterior load with the inner pressure.

[Tue Dec 09 12:20:27 2003]
Kad nema vanjskog opterećenja, ventilatori se isključuju.
When there is no exterior load, the fans get deactivated mutually.

[Tue Dec 09 12:20:27 2003]
Na taj se način postiže velika energetska ušteda za održavanje oblika strukture, a konstrukcije se mogu izvesti s minimumom potrebne mase materijala.
In this way, a great amount of energy for the maintenance of the structure's form is saved, and structures can be performed with a minimum mass of the material necessary.

[Tue Dec 09 12:23:05 2003]
a) Kibernetski sustav strukture:
a) Cybernetic system of the structure:

[Tue Dec 09 12:23:05 2003]
s-senzori, a-senzor zapažanja vjetra, R-regulacijski mehanizam sa ES, K-kompresorski sustavi.
s-sensors, a-sensor for wind detection, R-regulatory mechanism with ES, K-compress systems.

[Tue Dec 09 12:38:42 2003]
b) Stanje neopterećene konstrukcije:
b) State of unloaded structures:

[Tue Dec 09 12:38:42 2003]
kostur strukture preuzima opterećenje stalnog opterećenja i vlastite težine strukture.
the skeleton of the structure take on the load of permanent load and the structures' own load.

[Tue Dec 09 12:40:01 2003]
c) Opterećeno stanje:
c) Loaded state:

[Tue Dec 09 12:40:01 2003]
kompresori se uključuju i održavaju potreban predtlak p unutar strukture i ona djeluje kao pneumatska konstrukcija.
compressors get activated and maintain a necessary prepressure p inside the structure and the structure functions as a pneumatic structure.

[Tue Dec 09 12:45:05 2003]
d) Mogući oblik senzorskog štapa:
d) Possible form of a sensory member:

[Tue Dec 09 12:45:05 2003]
pri porastu opterećenja, baždarena opruga u cijevi štapa deformira se i ostvaruje električni kontakt pri određenoj sili u senzorskom štapu.
with an increase of the load, a calibrated spring in the pipe of a member gets deformed and an electric contact at a particular force in the sensory member is produced.

[Tue Dec 09 12:48:10 2003]
tlačni "bajunet" štap
compressive " bayonet " member

[Tue Dec 09 12:49:22 2003]
nosivi kostur
bearing skeleton

[Tue Dec 09 12:50:31 2003]
ovješena napeta trevira
suspended tightened trevira

[Tue Dec 09 12:51:46 2003]
napuhana
inflated

[Tue Dec 09 14:11:54 2003]
U nekim diplomskim radovima studenata u prikazima automobilskog blatobrana i struktura automobila, prikaz strukture i napona je jedino moguć na radnoj stanici i ploterom.
In some students theses in illustrations of car splashguards and car structures, illustrations of a structure and voltage are possible only on a workstation and data plotter.

[Tue Dec 09 14:13:38 2003]
Prikazi složenih prostornih sustava i mreža i njihova kompleksna analiza su danas jedino mogući i jedino racionalni s tzv.
Illustrations of complex spatial systems and nets and of their complex analyses are today possible and rational only by a so-called.

[Tue Dec 09 14:20:31 2003]
projektiranjem koje je potpomognuto računalima (RPPP ili bolje poznato kao CAD).
computer-aided design (RPPP or better known as CAD).

[Tue Dec 09 14:20:55 2003]
Transmisija CAD izvedbenih crteža ka izvođačima struktura ili dijelova struktura nastoji se izbjeći direktnom transmisijom CAD crteža ka CAM strojevima (strojevima koji su upravljani programima) i robotskim strojevima.
There have beeen to try to avoid the transmission of CAD working drawings to contractors of structure or parts of structures by a direct transmission of CAD drawing to CAM machines (machines controlled by programs) and to robot machines.

[Tue Dec 09 14:20:55 2003]
To su CAD-CAM sustavi projektiranja i izvođenja.
These are CAD-CAM systems of design and execution.

[Tue Dec 09 14:29:06 2003]
Dizajn konstrukcija slobodnih oblika, kao što je drvena mrežasta višenamjenska hala u Manheimu, nezamisliv je bez podrške računala i modelskih istraživanja.
Structure design of free forms, such as the wooden netlike multipurpose hall in Manheim, would be inconceivable without the computer and model research support.

[Tue Dec 09 14:35:47 2003]
Isto to važi i za oblike stadiona olimpijskih igara u Münchenu.
The same applies to shapes of Olympic stadiums in Munich.

[Tue Dec 09 14:37:02 2003]
Time se ušlo u područje dizajna struktura, kod kojih je računalo uobičajeni i nužni alat za dizajn konstrukcije.
This included the area of structure design, in which teh computer is a normal and necessary tool for the structure design.

[Tue Dec 09 14:38:13 2003]
Računalom se još uvijek koristi ograničen, mali broj inženjera, ali se situacija mijenja iz dana u dan.
The computer still is used by a limited, small number of engineers, but the situation changes day by day.

[Tue Dec 09 14:42:53 2003]
Još nedavno se sasvim mali broj arhitekata koristio CAD-om.
Still recently a very small number of architects used CAD.

[Tue Dec 09 14:44:04 2003]
Nastojanjem CAD FORUMA u okviru Saveza arhitekata situacija se u par godina potpuno (skoro spektakularno) izmijenila:
The situation has changed completely (almost spectacularly) in the past few years by the efforts of the CAD FORUM, a part of the Association of architects:

[Tue Dec 09 14:44:04 2003]
CAD je uveden na Arhitektonskom fakultetu i u arhitektonskoj praksi.
CAD has been introduced to the Faculty of Architecture and to the architecture profession.

[Tue Dec 09 14:47:20 2003]
Jedan od mogućih oblika kibernetske konstrukcije.
One of possible forms of a cybernetic structure.

[Tue Dec 09 14:50:38 2003]
Višenamjenska drvena mrežasta hala u Mannheimu.
Multipurpose wooden netlike hall in Mannheim.

[Tue Dec 09 14:52:19 2003]
Kad senzori registriraju padanje snijega, uključuju se grijači zraka koji su usmjereni k pokrovnoj membrani konstrukcije i grijanjem membrane tope snijeg koji na nju pada.
When sensors record a falling of snow, air heaters directed toward the covering construction membrane get activated and, by heating the membrane, melt the snow that falls on it.

[Tue Dec 09 14:52:19 2003]
Konstrukcija je dizajnirana tako da nosi samo stalni teret i vlastitu težinu konstrukcije.
The structure is designed so that it only bears a constant load and the structure's own load.

[Tue Dec 09 15:00:23 2003]
Tlocrt drvene mrežaste konstrukcije hale višenamjenskog centra u Mannheimu.
Ground plan the wooden mesh structure of a multipurpose center hall in Mannheim.

[Tue Dec 09 15:00:23 2003]
Primijenjenim principom ulaganja energije, kad je energija potrebna za održavanje stabilnosti, nosivosti i upotrebljivosti konstrukcije, postižu se velike uštede energije u tijeku vremena korištenja objekta.
By the applied principle of energy investment, when the energy is necessary for the maintenance of stability, bearing capacity and usability of the structure, large savings of energy are achieved in the course of the period in which the object has been used.

[Tue Dec 09 15:10:58 2003]
Građevinari se koriste utilitarnim programima, a u studiju građevinarstva koriste se već dugo programi STRESS i SAP te veliki (integrirani) sustavi za FEM analize konstrukcija, kao što su mainframe verzije ICES STRUDL2, (starija UNIVAC-ova verzija instalirana na RC SRCE i nova IBM verzija koja je bila instalirana u bivšem RC INUG), te u novije vrijeme, pribavljena PC verzija MSTRUDL i CAST UTILITY, zatim od nedavna i jedan od najmoćnijih paketa za FEM analize konstrukcija COSMOS/M operabilan na osobnim računalima.
Building constructors use utilitarian programs, and STRESS and SAP programs and big (integrated) systems for FEM structure analyses, such as mainframe versions ICES STRUDL2s, (older UNIVAC version installed in the CC SRCE and a new IBM version which was installed in the former CC INUG), and recently, the acquired PC version MSTRUDL and HONOR UTILITY, then also from recently, one of the most powerful packages for FEM structure analyses COSMOS/M operable on personal computers have long been in use in Civil engineering studies.

[Tue Dec 09 15:10:58 2003]
COSMOS/M omogućava linearne i nelinearne statičke i dinamičke analize metodom KE.
COSMOS/M makes linear and nonlinear static and dynamic analyses possible with the FE method.

[Tue Dec 09 15:21:43 2003]
Osim toga modul GEOSTAR omogućava interaktivno (na ekranu) automatsko kreiranje složenih struktura i optimalne mreže KE na bilo kakvim plohama i volumenima, što je velika prednost, kao što je i bogatstvo mogućih prikaza deformacija i naponskih stanja, zumiranje, mijenjanje pogleda, animacija, prikazi relacija među varijablama (XY PLOT) i slični postupci CAD-a, kao i mogućnosti interakcija s drugim programima sličnih namjena.
Furthermore the GEOSTAR module makes possible the interactive (onscreen) automatic designing of complex structures and optimal KE nets on any surfaces and volumes, which is a big advantage, such as and abundance of possible illustrations of deformations and voltage conditions, zooming, changing of view, animations, relation illustrations among variables (XY PLOT) and similar CAD procedures, as well as interaction possibilities with other programs of similar purposes.

[Tue Dec 09 15:23:13 2003]
uvodi se u vježbe i FEA program SOFISTIK.
FEA program SOFISTIK was also introduced in exercises.

[Tue Dec 09 15:23:13 2003]
Sličnih su mogućnosti i NASTRAN, SAP, DIANA i slični programi.
Even NASTRAN, SAP, DIANA and similar programs have similar abilities.

[Tue Dec 09 15:37:29 2003]
Sve se češće pojavljuju i diplomski radovi u kojima se koriste ili razvijaju ekspertni sustavi.
Even theses in which expert systems are used or developed appear more often.

[Tue Dec 09 15:37:29 2003]
Time se bitno pomiču granice naših saznanja i mogućnosti percepcija djelovanja vrlo složenih strukturalnih sklopova.
With that, limits of our knowledge and possibilities of conceiving the performances of very complex structural assemblies have been significantly moved.

[Tue Dec 09 15:41:49 2003]
Neke od suvremenih prostornih konstrukcija se i ne mogu dizajnirati bez podrške CAD sustava.
Some of modern spatial structures cannot even be designed without the CAD system support.

[Tue Dec 09 15:41:49 2003]
Stoga se i na tom sektoru dizajna laganih i ultralaganih konstrukcija mogu očekivati pomaci u dizajnu.
Therefore even in this designing sector of light and ultralight structures changes in the design can be expected.

[Tue Dec 09 15:43:44 2003]
Ostvarenje kibernetske konstrukcije.
Realization of a cybernetic structure.

[Tue Dec 09 15:43:48 2003]
Hala je "Veliko jaje" sportske dvorane u Tokiju.
The hall is the " Big egg " of a sports hall in Tokyo.

[Tue Dec 09 15:43:56 2003]
Operabilna od 1988.
Operable from 1988.

[Tue Dec 09 15:44:05 2003]
Dijagonalni rasponi 200 metara.
Diagonal spans of 200 meters.

[Tue Dec 09 15:45:19 2003]
Cijeli sustav senzora regulira unutarnji tlak u konstrukciji.
The whole system of sensor regulates the inner pressure in the structure.

[Tue Dec 09 15:47:07 2003]
Nosivi sustav sastoji se od prostorne mreže ovješenih čeličnih kabela ?
bearing system consists of a spatial net of 80 mm suspended steel cables?

[Tue Dec 09 15:48:40 2003]
80 mm, pokrivenih membranom od polimera debljine 0.8 mm, te betonskog prstena i konstrukcije gledališta i ostalih prostora.
8 mm polymer membrane, and of a concrete ring and the structures for the audience and other spaces.

[Tue Dec 09 15:49:25 2003]
Tri anemomometra registriraju promjene brzine vjetra, tri detektora snijega mjere opterećenje snijegom, dok senzori u kabelima mjere promjene sila u kabelima.
Three anemomometers record the change of wind speed, three snow detectors measure the snow load, while sensors in cables measure the changes of force in cables.

[Tue Dec 09 15:50:57 2003]
Senzori kontroliraju stanje ulaza.
Sensors control the state of entrance.

[Tue Dec 09 15:50:57 2003]
Ti podaci se prenose preko sustava za prijenos obavijesti (i posebnog back-up sustava) k centralnom kompjuterskom upravljačkom sustavu, koji regulira unutarnji tlak u hali.
These data are transfer through the system for data transmission (and through a special backup system) to the central computer operating system, which regulates the inner pressure in the hall.

[Tue Dec 09 15:56:38 2003]
Normalni unutarnji tlak od 30 mm stupca vode drži ravnotežu masi krovne konstrukcije od svega 15 kg/m2.
A normal internal pressure of a 30 mm on a water column keeps balance of the roof structure mass of only 15 kg/m2.

[Tue Dec 09 15:57:24 2003]
. Maksimalni tlak pri maksimalnom vanjskom opterećenju krova iznosi 90 mm stupca vode.
The maximum pressure by the maximum exterior load of roof is 90 mm on a water column.

[Tue Dec 09 16:01:39 2003]
Tlak proizvodi 36 turboventilatora/kompresora.
Pressure produces 36 turbo fans/compressors.

[Tue Dec 09 16:02:34 2003]
Četiri bloka prigušivača ugrađenih u krovnu konstrukciju smiruju moguće nagle oscilacije krova uzrokovane naletima vjetra.
Four blocks of mufflers built in the roof structure calm possible unexpected roof oscillations caused by gusts of wind.

[Tue Dec 09 16:03:15 2003]
Kao što se vidi, postoji osnovni i tzv.
As it is seen, there is also a basic so-called.

[Tue Dec 09 16:03:25 2003]
back-up operacijski sustav, kao i osnovni i back-up energetski sustav napajanja sustava, s neovisnim izvorima energije.
backup operating system, as well as a basic and backup energy system of power supply system, with independent power sources.

[Tue Dec 09 16:03:25 2003]
Prema IABSE STRUCTURES C-41/87, IABSE PERIODICA 2.
according to IABSE STRUCTURES C-41/87, IABSE PERIODICA 2.

[Tue Dec 09 16:08:03 2003]
Kod suvremenih konstrukcija je bitno prostorno djelovanje cjeline, ali je bitna i analiza detalja.
In modern structures, the spatial function of the unit is essential, but also the analysis of details.

[Tue Dec 09 16:09:32 2003]
Samo se analizom KE može doći do "realnih" rezultata, od kojih se neki moraju potvrditi laboratorijskim eksperimentima.
Only with the FE analysis one can obtain " real " results, some of which must be confirmed by laboratory experiments.

[Tue Dec 09 16:10:12 2003]
Posebice su zanimljive FE analize strukturalnih detalja, kao što su to zasjeci, vlačni nastavci (čavlani spojevi i spojevi trnovima i vijcima), analize detalja zglobova i sl.
Especially interesting are FE analyses of structural details, such as cuts, tensile splices (nailed joints and joints with thorns and screws), analyses of details of joints and similar.

[Tue Dec 09 16:10:45 2003]
detalji, kao razmatranje ponašanja uslojenih ploča.
details, such as the analysis of behaviors of layered boards.

[Tue Dec 09 16:10:45 2003]
Tu su nezamjenjive nelinearne analize s konačnim elementima.
Nonlinear analyses with finite elements are irreplaceable here.

[Tue Dec 09 16:13:43 2003]
Ovješena drvena krovna konstrukcija dvorane za klizanje, arene Nagano, Japan.
suspended wooden roof structure of a skating hall, Nagano arena, Japan.

[Tue Dec 09 16:14:58 2003]
Shema krovišta stadiona - arene u Naganu.
sketch of a stadium roof - arena in Nagano.

[Tue Dec 09 16:15:56 2003]
i konstr.
and constructors.

[Tue Dec 09 16:16:05 2003]
(joint venture) Kume, Kajima, Okumura, Nissan, Iijima, Takgi.
(joint venture) Kume, Kajima, Okumura, Nissan, Iijima, Takgi.

[Tue Dec 09 16:21:23 2003]
Izvedeno 1996.
Performed in 1996.

[Tue Dec 09 16:21:31 2003]
Viseća konstrukcija sastoji se od niza dvojnih GLULAM nosača dimenzija 30x125 na 60 cm razmaka.
Suspended structure consists of a series of double GLULAM girders of a 30x125 dimension on a 60 cm distance.

[Tue Dec 09 16:22:44 2003]
Pokrovna ploča je višeslojna furnirska ploča.
covering board is a multilayer veneer sheeting.

[Tue Dec 09 16:22:46 2003]
Između dvojnih nosača ugrađena je čelična 12x200 m/m ploča, te sustav djeluje kao kompozitni presjek.
A steel 12x200 m/ms panel is built in between double structures, and the system functions as a composite section.

[Tue Dec 09 16:22:46 2003]
Prema SEI 3/98.
According to CEI 3/98.

[Tue Dec 09 16:25:43 2003]
Mansardna konstrukcija Marlesa.
mansard Marles structure.

[Tue Dec 09 16:25:50 2003]
Iz prospekta Marles strešni nosilci - marles hiše, Maribor, R.
From the brochure Marles strešni nosilci marles hiše, Maribor, R.

[Tue Dec 09 16:25:50 2003]
Slovenija.
Slovenia.

[Tue Dec 09 16:28:01 2003]
Mansardni nosači Marles.
Mansard Marles girders.

[Tue Dec 09 16:28:25 2003]
Spojevi su izvedeni s GANGNAIL zubatim pločama.
Joints done with GANGNAIL toothed plates.

[Tue Dec 09 16:28:32 2003]
Prikazani su neki detalji spojeva elemenata.
Illustration of some details of element joints.

[Tue Dec 09 16:28:33 2003]
Iz prospekta Marles strešni nosilci - marles hiše, Maribor, R.
From the brochure Marles strešni nosilci marles hiše, Maribor, R.

[Tue Dec 09 16:28:33 2003]
Slovenija.
Slovenia.

[Tue Dec 09 16:39:24 2003]
U analizama koje smo provodili sa studentima, na rutinskoj osnovi u okviru vježbi iz drvenih konstrukcija, u okviru diplomskih i magistarskih radova, služilo se uglavnom mainframe verzijom ICES STRUDL FEM sustava, a sasvim rijetko sa STRESS-om i SAP programom za analize konstrukcija.
In the analyses conducted among students, on a regular basis as a part of wooden structure exercises, of graduation and postgraduation theses, mainly was used the mainframe version of the ICES STRUDL FEM system, and quite rarely with the STRESS-and SAP program for structure analyses.

[Tue Dec 09 16:40:21 2003]
Smatramo da je STRESS zastarjeli "alat".
The STRESS is considered an outdated " tool ".

[Tue Dec 09 16:40:21 2003]
Njihova pogodnost izvire iz činjenice da su operabilni na PC računalima.
Their advantage comes from the fact that they are PC operable.

[Tue Dec 09 16:55:42 2003]
Međutim, ti su programi limitirani grafičkim prikazima i spektrom analiza koje se na njima može provoditi.
However, these programs are limited by graphic representations and spectrum analysis which can be conducted on them.

[Tue Dec 09 16:58:01 2003]
U posljednje vrijeme se studenti u analizama koriste verzijama COSMOS/M sustava operabilnog na PC računalima i radnim stanicama.
In analyses, students have been recently using versions of the COSMOS/M system which is operable on PCs and workstations.

[Tue Dec 09 16:59:21 2003]
Niz je studentskih i diplomskih radova posvećeno ponašanju struktura, analizama stabilnosti, i kako je već navedeno, analizama detalja.
A series of student and graduation theses which analyze the behavior of structures, stability analyses, and as already mentioned, detail analyses.

[Tue Dec 09 17:00:14 2003]
Sve se više koristi mogućnost analiza anizotropnih i uslojenih medija.
The possibility to use the analyses of anisotropic and layered media has become more frequent.

[Tue Dec 09 17:00:14 2003]
Često se provode i paralelne analize u laboratoriju Zavoda za tehničku mehaniku.
Even parallel analyses in the laboratory of Department for Engineering Mechanics are often conducted.

[Tue Dec 09 17:11:42 2003]
Da bi se ilustriralo neke od tih analiza navode se analize metodom konačnih elemenata vlačnog vijčanog spoja, provedenog pred par godina sustavom ICES STRUDL2.
In order to illustrate some of these analyses, we refer to the analyses of the finite element method of a tensile bolted connection, conducted a few years ago with the ICES STRUDL2 system.

[Tue Dec 09 17:13:47 2003]
Obzirom da ICES STRUDL2 sustav nije nikada bio osposobljen davati grafičke prikaze (nedostatak radne stanice i plotera), ovi su prikazi rađeni crtanjem rukom.
Since ICES STRUDL2 system could never give graphic representations (lack of workstations and data plotters), these illustrations were drawn with a hand.

[Tue Dec 09 17:15:48 2003]
Paralelno tome prikazuje se i nedavno provedena analiza čavlane veze s COSMOS/M sustavom.
Along with this, a recently conducted analysis of a nailed connection with COSMOS/M system is also shown.

[Tue Dec 09 17:15:48 2003]
U potonjoj se vide naponska stanja i deformacije čavlane veze, što ranije nije bilo moguće automatski vizualizirati.
In the latter, one can see voltage conditions and deformations of the nailed connection, which previously was not possible to visualize automatically.

[Tue Dec 09 17:21:39 2003]
U ovim formulacijama modela bitno je izabrati dobar i odgovarajući proračunski model.
In these formulations of a model it is essential to choose a good and matching calcuation model.

[Tue Dec 09 17:22:04 2003]
Modeliranju konstrukcija je zato posvećeno veliko poglavlje u kojem se razmatraju pravila i umijeće (art) modeliranja strukture i detalja.
Structural modelling is therefore given a long chapter in which rules and arts of modelling structures and details are examined.

[Tue Dec 09 17:22:04 2003]
Prikazuju se neki zanimljivi aspekti tih analiza.
Some interesting aspects of these analyses are shown.

[Tue Dec 09 17:24:39 2003]
FEM model vlačnog vijčanog spoja;
FEM model of a tensile bolted connection;

[Tue Dec 09 17:24:42 2003]
a) model i nasloni;
a) model and balustrades;

[Tue Dec 09 17:24:51 2003]
b) pomaci vijaka;
b) displacements of screws;

[Tue Dec 09 17:24:57 2003]
c) moment u vijku;
c) moment in a screw;

[Tue Dec 09 17:25:39 2003]
d) poprečna sila u vijku;
d) shear force in a screw;

[Tue Dec 09 17:25:59 2003]
e) opterećenje vijka (pritisak na plašt).
e) load of a screw (pressure on the jacket).

[Tue Dec 09 17:25:59 2003]
Rad studenata.
Work of students.

[Tue Dec 09 17:30:19 2003]
Uz današnje mogućnosti suptilnih FEM analiza struktura moguć je uvid u naponska stanja i deformacije spoja s čavlima.
With today's possibilities of subtle FEM structures analyses, the insight into voltage conditions and deformations of joint with nails is possible.

[Tue Dec 09 17:30:53 2003]
Prikazuje se tako model jednostrane, jednorezne veze ploče iverice pričvršćene čavlom za gredicu.
Thus the model of a one-sided, single-sheer sectioned connection of a plywood board, attached a with nail for the joist, is shown.

[Tue Dec 09 17:31:45 2003]
Model se analizirao s COSMOS/M ograničenom verzijom, pa je MKE relativno gruba.
The model was analyzes with a COSMOS/M limited version, so the FEM is relatively rough.

[Tue Dec 09 17:32:41 2003]
Iz bogatstva prikaza prikazani su samo neki od njih.
From a big number of illustrations, only some of them are shown.

[Tue Dec 09 17:32:41 2003]
Model se analizirao s COSMOS/M (limited version), pa je MKE relativno gruba.
The model was analyzed with the COSMOS/M (limited version), so is the FEM is relatively rough.

[Tue Dec 09 17:40:24 2003]
"Blow-up" model čavlane veze iverice s drvetom.
" Blow-UP " model of a nailed connection of a chipboard with wood.

[Tue Dec 09 17:41:14 2003]
Kontakt iverice s drvetom (kontaktna ploha) simuliran je nizom kratkih (0,1 cm dugih) štapova TRUSS2D, modulom EEJTR i površinom na kojoj taj kontaktni štap realno i djeluje.
Contact of the chipboard with wood (contact surface) is simulated by a series of short (0,1 cm long) TRUSS2D members, EEJTR module and surface on which this contact member actually has effect.

[Tue Dec 09 17:41:59 2003]
Za čavao se koristi element grede FRAME2D od čelika.
The element of a steel FRAME2D beam is used as a nail.

[Tue Dec 09 17:42:38 2003]
Model se analizirao s COSMOS/M (limited version), pa je MKE relativno grub model.
Model was analyzed with the COSMOS/M (limited version), so the FEM is a relatively rough model.

[Tue Dec 09 17:44:26 2003]
Umjesto TRUSS2D moglo se koristiti GAP elemente.
GAP elements could be used instead of TRUSS2D.

[Tue Dec 09 17:44:26 2003]
Također se moglo uvesti i zajedničke (prisilne) pomake čvorova MKE u reški spoja s CPDOF nalozima, čime bi se bitno pridonijelo vjerodostojnosti modela.
Also shared (compulsory) FEM node dislocations in the slot of a joint with CPDOF commands could be introduced, which would have significantly contributed the model credibility.

[Wed Dec 10 09:13:58 2003]
Rezultati analize s (COSMOS/M) paketom.
Analysis results with the (COSMOS/M) package.

[Wed Dec 10 09:13:58 2003]
Prikaz MKE, pomaka i naponskih stanja SIGMAX i SIGMAY na deformiranom modelu i kolor kodiranom kartom napona SIGMAX.
Illustration of FEM, displacements and voltage conditions SIGMAX and SIGMAY on the deformed model and with a color coded card of SIGMAX voltage.

[Wed Dec 10 09:15:42 2003]
Rezultati analize s COSMOS/M paketom.
analysis Results with the COSMOS/M package.

[Wed Dec 10 09:17:56 2003]
Prikaz naponskih stanja TAUXY, PRINCX, PRINCY i VON MISES na deformiranom sustavu MKE.
Illustration of voltage conditions TAUXY, PRINCX, PRINCY and VON MISES on the deformed FEM system.

[Wed Dec 10 09:17:56 2003]
Kolor kartica napona odnosi se na glavne napone PRINX.
The color voltage card refers to main PRINX voltages.

[Wed Dec 10 09:29:27 2003]
Također se za ilustraciju prikazuje analiza KE dvostrane jednorezne simetrične veze ploče iverice s drvetom čavlima f 3mm.
The FE analysis of a two-sided single-sheer sectioned symmetrical connection of a chipboard panel with wood with f 3mm nails is also shown for the illustration.

[Wed Dec 10 09:32:51 2003]
Obzirom na simetriju, moglo se koristiti prethodno prikazani model KE, s promjenom načina oslanjanja, tj. promjenom rubnih uvjeta.
In regard to the symmetry, the previously shown FE model could be used, with the change of a support mode, that is, with the change of boundary conditions.

[Wed Dec 10 09:33:43 2003]
Model tog spoja je prikazan.
The model of that connection is illustrated.

[Wed Dec 10 09:35:06 2003]
Također se prikazuje "blow-up" model u kojem se vide tzv.
The " blow- up " model is also shown in which are visible so-called.

[Wed Dec 10 09:35:26 2003]
dodirni (GAP) elementi između ploče iverice i drveta za kojeg je ploča prikucana čavlom.
contact (GAP) elements between the chipboard panel and wood to which the panel is nailed.

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